{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:06:17Z","timestamp":1784948777256,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanostructured porous silicon (pSi) is a synthetic silicon-based material. Its biocompatibility and bioresorbability in body fluids make pSi an appealing biomaterial for tissue engineering, with surfaces characteristics facilitating human cell adhesion and differentiation. The resorption kinetics of such porous biomaterials is crucial for in vivo bone regeneration, in order to adapt biomaterial resorption to tissue formation, and to control the release of loaded bioactive molecules. We investigated pSi as a bioactive scaffold for bone tissue engineering, with an emphasis on kinetics of pSi resorption and silicon release. PSi particles and chips were fabricated from crystalline silicon, and functionalized by oxidation and chemical grafting of amine groups to mimic biological structures. Materials resorption over time was investigated with Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Silicon release was followed by mass spectrometry. Particle degradation and inclusion in newly formed bone were studied in vivo. The in vitro experiments revealed that non-oxidized pSi had an accelerated initial dissolution in ddH2O and an inhibition of initial Si release in SBF. This high reactivity also led to transformation towards amorphous non-resorbable silica when incubated in SBF. PSi resorption started immediately with a maximal dissolution in the first 24 h. Later, the dissolution rate decreased over time. In comparison, the resorption process of oxidized pSi seemed delayed, but more continuous. This delayed dissolution increased the bioactivity and stability, leading to enhanced bone formation in vivo. Delayed pSi degradation provided a constant surge of silicic acid over time and promoted bone regeneration, demonstrating the high potential of pSi for bone tissue engineering: Oxidized pSi were almost completely resorbed after 2 months of healing, with remaining partially dissolved particles surrounded by newly formed bone. On the contrary, non-oxidized particles were still obviously present after 2 months with limited bone regeneration. This delayed resorption is consistent with the in vitro observations in SBF, and particles\u2019 transformation towards silica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14100493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T04:28:08Z","timestamp":1696220888000},"page":"493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nanostructured Porous Silicon for Bone Tissue Engineering: Kinetics of Particle Degradation and Si-Controlled Release"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Naveen","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LBN, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamideh","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LBN, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3893-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo J.","family":"Cueto-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253, CNRS-ENSCM-University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Centro de Astrobiolog\u00eda (CSIC-INTA), Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alban","family":"Desoutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LBN, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Cuisinier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LBN, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Service Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Cunin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253, CNRS-ENSCM-University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-6843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Yves","family":"Collart-Dutilleul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LBN, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Service Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1134\/S1027451008060165","article-title":"Estimation of Pore Sizes in Porous Silicon by Scanning Electron Microscopy and NMR Cryoporometry","volume":"2","author":"Khokhlov","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Surf. Investig. X-ray Synchrotron Neutron Tech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5107(99)00240-8","article-title":"Room Temperature Oxidation of Porous Silicon in Air","volume":"69\u201370","author":"Petrova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Montelongo, J., Munoz-Noval, A., Garc\u00c3ia-Ru\u00c3iz, J.P., Torres-Costa, V., Martin-Palma, R.J., and Manso-Silvan, M. (2015). Nanostructured Porous Silicon: The Winding Road from Photonics to Cell Scaffolds\u2014A Review. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00060"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.03.017","article-title":"Porous Silicon in Drug Delivery Devices and Materials\u2606","volume":"60","author":"Anglin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(99)00126-9","article-title":"Silicic Acid: Its Gastrointestinal Uptake and Urinary Excretion in Man and Effects on Aluminium Excretion","volume":"76","author":"Reffitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Collart Dutilleul, P.-Y., Deville De P\u00e9ri\u00e8re, D., Cuisinier, F.J., Cunin, F., and Gergely, C. (2014). Porous Silicon for Biomedical Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1021\/am4046316","article-title":"Adhesion and Proliferation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Dental Pulp on Porous Silicon Scaffolds","volume":"6","author":"Secret","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renaud, M., Bousquet, P., Macias, G., Rochefort, G.Y., Durand, J.-O., Marsal, L.F., Cuisinier, F., Cunin, F., and Collart-Dutilleul, P.-Y. (2023). Allogenic Stem Cells Carried by Porous Silicon Scaffolds for Active Bone Regeneration In Vivo. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070852"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081298","article-title":"Polymer Replicas of Photonic Porous Silicon for Sensing and Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"299","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800592q","article-title":"Oxidation-Triggered Release of Fluorescent Molecules or Drugs from Mesoporous Si Microparticles","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaix, A., Cueto-Diaz, E., Dominguez-Gil, S., Spiteri, C., Lichon, L., Maynadier, M., Dumail, X., Aggad, D., Delalande, A., and Bessi\u00e8re, A. (2023). Two-photon Light Trigger Sirna Transfection of Cancer Cells Using Non-Toxic Porous Silicon Nanoparticles. Adv. Healthc. Mater., 2301052.","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301052"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16118","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c04491","article-title":"Porous Silicon-Based Nanomedicine for Simultaneous Management of Joint Inflammation and Bone Erosion in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontinha, A.D.R., Moreira, B.B., Melo, B.L., Melo-Diogo, D.D., Correia, I.J., and Alves, P. (2023). Silica Aerogel-Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210128"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.200461134","article-title":"Porous Silicon-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Other Biomedical Applications","volume":"202","author":"Coffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1063\/1.350293","article-title":"Atmospheric Impregnation of Porous Silicon at Room Temperature","volume":"70","author":"Canham","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"McMillan, N.K., and Coffer, J.L. (2021). Porous Silicon for Biomedical Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coffer, J.L. (2022). Semiconducting Silicon Nanowires for Biomedical Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821351-3.00007-0"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sailor, M.J. (2011). Porous Silicon in Practice: Preparation, Characterization and Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527641901"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11491","DOI":"10.1021\/ja992188w","article-title":"Lewis Acid Mediated Hydrosilylation on Porous Silicon Surfaces","volume":"121","author":"Buriak","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1039\/B815449J","article-title":"The Importance of Surface Chemistry in Mesoporous Materials: Lessons from Porous Silicon Biosensors","volume":"6","author":"Kilian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.3390\/s130404694","article-title":"Photonic Crystal Sensors Based on Porous Silicon","volume":"13","author":"Pacholski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2015.0187","article-title":"A New Rat Model for Translational Research in Bone Regeneration","volume":"22","author":"Renaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-564","article-title":"Initial Stem Cell Adhesion on Porous Silicon Surface: Molecular Architecture of Actin Cytoskeleton and Filopodial Growth","volume":"9","author":"Panayotov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1063\/1.107097","article-title":"Raman Analysis of Light-emitting Porous Silicon","volume":"60","author":"Sui","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051503","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3543838","article-title":"Raman Scattering Analysis of Silicon Dioxide Single Crystal Treated by Direct Current Plasma Discharge","volume":"98","author":"Popovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208081","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/208081","article-title":"Raman Spectra of High-Kappa Dielectric Layers Investigated with Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Comparison with Silicon Dioxide","volume":"2013","author":"Borowicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8781","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08781","article-title":"Monodisperse Porous Silicon Spheres as Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9014","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09014","article-title":"Complete Magnesiothermic Reduction Reaction of Vertically Aligned Mesoporous Silica Channels to Form Pure Silicon Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5235","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/18\/22\/022","article-title":"Raman Spectroscopy Study of Heavy-Ion-Irradiated \u03b1-SiC","volume":"18","author":"Sorieul","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2008.06.011","article-title":"Consolidated Silica Glass from Nanoparticles","volume":"181","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10908","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10908","article-title":"Dual Yolk-Shell Structure of Carbon and Silica-Coated Silicon for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1063\/1.351097","article-title":"Luminescence and Structural Study of Porous Silicon Films","volume":"71","author":"Xie","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2014.06.032","article-title":"Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation Reduces Porous Silicon Thermal Conductivity","volume":"341","author":"Massoud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1063\/1.482061","article-title":"Si\u2013H Bending Modes as a Probe of Local Chemical Structure: Thermal and Chemical Routes to Decomposition of H2O on Si(100)-(2 \u00d7 1)","volume":"113","author":"Weldon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5729(99)00012-6","article-title":"Porous Silicon: A Quantum Sponge Structure for Silicon Based Optoelectronics","volume":"38","author":"Bisi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surf. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1021\/jp963322r","article-title":"FTIR Study of the Oxidation of Porous Silicon","volume":"101","author":"Mawhinney","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"431","article-title":"FTIR and Photoluminescence Studies of Porous Silicon Layers Oxidized in Controlled Water Vapor Conditions","volume":"53","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. F\u00edsica"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(96)00336-5","article-title":"Photoluminescence of Laser Ablated Silicon","volume":"99","author":"Pong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.07.059","article-title":"Interferometric Porous Silicon Transducers Using an Enzymatically Amplified Optical Signal","volume":"160","author":"Szili","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6028(95)01014-9","article-title":"Reaction of Atomic Hydrogen with Hydrogenated Porous Silicon\u2014Detection of Precursor to Silane Formation","volume":"348","author":"Glass","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9797(85)80007-2","article-title":"Structure of Silane Coupling Agents Adsorbed on Silicon Powder","volume":"106","author":"Culler","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(80)90209-X","article-title":"The Structure of \u03b3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane on Glass Surfaces","volume":"74","author":"Chiang","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14222","DOI":"10.1021\/la802316p","article-title":"Aqueous and Thermal Oxidation of Porous Silicon Microparticles: Implications on Molecular Interactions","volume":"24","author":"Jarvis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5107(03)00111-9","article-title":"Electrochemical Growth of Poly(3-Dodecylthiophene) into Porous Silicon: A Nanocomposite with Tubes or Wires?","volume":"100","author":"Errien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(81)91202-3","article-title":"Raman Scattering from Small Particle Size Polycrystalline Silicon","volume":"37","author":"Iqbal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(97)00393-3","article-title":"Characterization of Fluorine-Doped Silicon Dioxide Film by Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"310","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05570","article-title":"Chemical Reduction of Three-Dimensional Silica Micro-Assemblies into Microporous Silicon Replicas","volume":"446","author":"Bao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10521","DOI":"10.1021\/jp809432t","article-title":"Converting St\u00f6ber Silica and Mediterranean Sand to High Surface Area Silicon by a Reaction under Autogenic Pressure at Elevated Temperatures","volume":"113","author":"Hai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045003","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6262\/4\/045003","article-title":"Deep-Ultraviolet Raman Investigation of Silicon Oxide: Thin Film on Silicon Substrate versus Bulk Material","volume":"3","author":"Borowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194524","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2390709","article-title":"Infrared and Raman Spectra of Silica Polymorphs from an Ab Initio Parametrized Polarizable Force Field","volume":"125","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2005.12.030","article-title":"Raman Properties of Silicon Nanoparticles","volume":"32","author":"Meier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. E Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(81)90337-9","article-title":"The One Phonon Raman Spectrum in Microcrystalline Silicon","volume":"39","author":"Richter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canham, L. (2018). Handbook of Porous Silicon, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71381-6"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(86)90513-2","article-title":"The Effects of Microcrystal Size and Shape on the One Phonon Raman Spectra of Crystalline Semiconductors","volume":"58","author":"Campbell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1703","article-title":"Raman Scattering of Nanoporous Semiconductors","volume":"38","author":"Irmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.04.004","article-title":"Studies of Silicon Nanoparticles Uptake and Biodegradation in Cancer Cells by Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"12","author":"Tolstik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gongalsky, M.B., Sviridov, A.P., Bezsudnova, Y.I., and Osminkina, L.A. (2020). Biodegradation Model of Porous Silicon Nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 190.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.110946"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/14\/10\/493\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:02:38Z","timestamp":1760130158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/14\/10\/493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb14100493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb14100493","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]}}}