{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:20:27Z","timestamp":1781331627064,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"Researchers Supporting Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2023R790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"Researchers Supporting Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBZ.D260.23.018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.D260.23.018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Statutory Subsidy Funds of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UMW","award":["RSPD2023R790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R790"]}]},{"name":"Statutory Subsidy Funds of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UMW","award":["SUBZ.D260.23.018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.D260.23.018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The colonisation of the surface of removable acrylic dentures by various types of microorganisms can lead to the development of various diseases. Therefore, the creation of a bioactive material is highly desirable. This study aimed to develop a denture base material designed to release bioactive ions into the oral environment during use. Four types of bioactive glasses (BAG)\u2014S53P4, Biomin F, 45S5, and Biomin C\u2014were incorporated into the PMMA acrylic resin, with each type constituting 20 wt.% (10 wt.% non-silanised and 10% silanised) of the mixture, while PMMA acrylic resin served as the control group. The specimens were subsequently immersed in distilled water, and pH measurements of the aqueous solutions were taken every seven days for a total of 38 days. Additionally, surface roughness and translucency measurements were recorded both after preparation and following seven days of immersion in distilled water. The cytotoxicity of these materials on human fibroblast cells was evaluated after 24 and 48 h using Direct Contact and MTT assays. Ultimately, the elemental composition of the specimens was determined through energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. In general, the pH levels of water solutions containing BAG-containing acrylics gradually increased over the storage period, reaching peak values after 10 days. Notably, S53P4 glass exhibited the most significant increase, with pH levels rising from 5.5 to 7.54. Surface roughness exhibited minimal changes upon immersion in distilled water, while a slight decrease in material translucency was observed, except for Biomin C. However, significant differences in surface roughness and translucency were observed among some of the BAG-embedded specimens under both dry and wet conditions. The composition of elements declared by the glass manufacturer was confirmed by EDX analysis. Importantly, cytotoxicity analysis revealed that specimens containing BAGs, when released into the environment, did not adversely affect the growth of human gingival fibroblast cells after 48 h of exposure. This suggests that PMMA acrylics fabricated with BAGs have the potential to release ions into the environment and can be considered biocompatible materials. Further clinical trials are warranted to explore the practical applications of these materials as denture base materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T04:51:51Z","timestamp":1703998311000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluating the Translucency, Surface Roughness, and Cytotoxicity of a PMMA Acrylic Denture Base Reinforced with Bioactive Glasses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alhotan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1735-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Raszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SpofaDental, Markova 238, 506-01 Jicin, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Chojnacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Mikulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julita","family":"Kulbacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santari\u0161ki\u0173 5, 08410 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razan","family":"Alaqeely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Mirdad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7010-8285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julfikar","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875968","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2021.1875968","article-title":"A review on enhancements of PMMA Denture Base Material with Different Nano-Fillers","volume":"8","author":"Sabri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogent Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lourinho, C., Salgado, H., Correia, A., and Fonseca, P. (2022). Mechanical Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate as Denture Base Material: Heat-Polymerized vs. 3D-Printed-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Studies. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102565"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6690806","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6690806","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Thermocycled Polymethyl Methacrylate Resin Reinforced with Titanium Dioxide and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"2021","author":"Giti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.11.010","article-title":"Reduction of Candida Biofilm Adhesion by Incorporation of Prereacted Glass Ionomer Filler in Denture Base Resin","volume":"44","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gligorijevi\u0107, N., Mihajlov-Krstev, T., Kosti\u0107, M., Nikoli\u0107, L., Stankovi\u0107, N., Nikoli\u0107, V., Dini\u0107, A., Igi\u0107, M., and Bernstein, N. (2022). Antimicrobial Properties of Silver-Modified Denture Base Resins. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12142453"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2020-129","article-title":"Characterization and evaluation of a novel silver nanoparticles-loaded polymethyl methacrylate denture base: In vitro and in vivo animal study","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhotan, A., Yates, J., Zidan, S., Haider, J., and Silikas, N. (2021). Assessing fracture toughness and impact strength of PMMA reinforced with nano-particles and fibre as advanced denture base materials. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154127"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.02.012","article-title":"Poly (methyl methacrylate) with TiO2 nanoparticles inclusion for stereolithographic complete denture manufacturing\u2014The future in dental care for elderly edentulous patients?","volume":"59","author":"Totu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03133-2","article-title":"Flexural strength, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity of a polymethyl methacrylate denture resin enhanced with graphene and silver nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Bacali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S132116","article-title":"Antifungal, Optical, and Mechanical Properties of Polymethylmethacrylate Material Incorporated with Silanized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Kamonkhantikul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, M.M., Alshehri, S.Z., Alhamid, S.A., Albarrak, A., Khan, S.Q., Alshahrani, F.A., and Alqarawi, F.K. (2022). Water Sorption, Solubility, and Translucency of 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins. Dent. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10030042"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5560443","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5560443","article-title":"In Vitro Assessment of Artificial Aging on the Antifungal Activity of PMMA Denture Base Material Modified with ZrO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"2021","author":"Hamid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13271","article-title":"Antifungal Efficacy and Physical Properties of Poly(Methylmethacrylate) Denture Base Material Reinforced with SiO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Alzayyat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajunaid, S.O., Baras, B.H., Weir, M.D., and Xu, H.H. (2022). Denture Acrylic Resin Material with Antibacterial and Protein-Repelling Properties for the Prevention of Denture Stomatitis. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14020230"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2022.04.029","article-title":"Mechanical and antibacterial properties of polymethyl methacrylate modified with zinc dimethacrylate","volume":"128","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.12.039","article-title":"Physicomechanical, Optical, and Antifungal Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate Modified with Metal Methacrylate Monomers","volume":"125","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.03.033","article-title":"Incorporation of antimicrobial agents in denture base resin: A systematic review","volume":"126","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raszewski, Z., Chojnacka, K., Mikulewicz, M., and Alhotan, A. (2023). Bioactive Glass-Enhanced Resins: A New Denture Base Material. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16124363"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12684","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03392","article-title":"Burst-by-Burst Measurement of Rotational Diffusion at Nanosecond Resolution Reveals Hot-Brownian Motion and Single-Chain Binding","volume":"17","author":"Asgari","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.114954","article-title":"The influence of storage time and pH variation on water sorption by different composite resins","volume":"24","author":"Pompeu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7069507","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7069507","article-title":"Comparison of Conventional Pressure-packed and Injection Molding Processing Methods for an Acrylic Resin Denture based on Microhardness, Surface Roughness, and Water Sorption","volume":"2022","author":"Moslehifard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshamrani, A., Alhotan, A., Owais, A., and Ellakwa, A. (2023). The Clinical Potential of 3D-Printed Crowns Reinforced with Zirconia and Glass Silica Microfillers. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14050267"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.14712\/fb2012058010037","article-title":"Cytotoxic potential of vasoconstrictor experimental gingival retraction agents: In vitro study on primary human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"58","author":"Nowakowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Folia Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2478\/v10042-008-0017-4","article-title":"A simple and established method of tissue culture of human gingival fibroblasts for gingival augmentation","volume":"46","author":"Saczko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103731","article-title":"Physical and mechanical evaluation of dental resin composite after modification with two different types of Montmorillonite nanoclay","volume":"112","author":"Elmergawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2022.10.002","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of bioactive glass fillers against Candida albicans adhesion to PMMA denture base materials: An in vitro study","volume":"34","author":"Gad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2006.00098.x","article-title":"Surface roughness of denture base acrylic resins after processing and after polishing","volume":"15","author":"Berger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12529","article-title":"Surface roughness of acrylic resins used for denture base after chemical disinfection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2009.12.006","article-title":"The effect of mechanical and chemical polishing techniques on the surface roughness of denture base acrylic resins","volume":"22","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00638-5","article-title":"Compressive strength, fluoride release and recharge of fluoride-releasing materials","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.37983\/IJDM.2021.3403","article-title":"Effect of zirconium oxide and cellulose nanoparticles addition on the flexural strength, impact strength and translucency of heat polymerized acrylic resin: An in vitro study","volume":"3","author":"Sagadevan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3103","article-title":"Mechanical, Surface, and Optical Properties of PMMA Denture Base Material Modified with Azadirachta indica as an Antifungal Agent","volume":"22","author":"Hamid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2020-296","article-title":"Translucency of nanoparticle-reinforced PMMA denture base material: An invitro comparative study","volume":"40","author":"Gad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"437","article-title":"In-vitro Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Two Bioactive Glasses in Micropowder and Nanopowder forms","volume":"12","author":"Rismanchian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2016-301","article-title":"Antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and mechanical behavior of nano-enhanced denture base resin with different kinds of inorganic antibacterial agents","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6785","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-023-02517-0","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Dental Pit and Fissure Sealant Based on Calcium Sodium Silicate Bioactive Glasses","volume":"15","author":"Safwat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"315","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of bioactive glass tablets and evaluation of bioactivity and cytotoxicity in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2014.12.004","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of resin composites containing bioactive glass fillers","volume":"31","author":"Salehi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/15\/1\/16\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:45:11Z","timestamp":1760132711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/15\/1\/16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb15010016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb15010016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]}}}