{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:12:33Z","timestamp":1768273953562,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan Dean\u2019s Scholarship to Zimmerling","award":["#1037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1037"]}]},{"name":"an Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Canada Graduate Scholarship-Doctoral (CGS-D) to Zimmerling","award":["#1037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1037"]}]},{"name":"Discovery Grants from NSERC to Zhou and Chen","award":["#1037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1037"]}]},{"name":"Government of Saskatchewan through Innovation Saskatchewan and the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["#1037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1037"]}]},{"name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation through the Major Science Initiatives","award":["#1037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1037"]}]},{"name":"director of VIDO","award":["#1037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1037"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of nanoparticle systems for the controlled release of growth factors is a promising approach to mimicking of the biochemical environment of native tissues in tissue engineering. However, sustaining growth factor release inside an appropriate therapeutic window is a challenge, particularly in bioprinted scaffolds. In this study, a chitosan-coated alginate-based nanoparticle system loaded with hepatocyte growth factor was developed and then incorporated into bioprinted scaffolds. The release kinetics were investigated with a focus on identifying the impact of the chitosan coating and culture conditions. Our results demonstrated that the chitosan coating decreased the release rate and lessened the initial burst release, while culturing in dynamic conditions had no significant impact compared to static conditions. The nanoparticles were then incorporated into bioinks at various concentrations, and scaffolds with a three-dimensional (3D) structure were bioprinted from the bioinks containing human pulmonary fibroblasts and bronchial epithelial cells to investigate the potential use of a controlled release system in respiratory tissue engineering. It was found that the bioink loaded with a concentration of 4 \u00b5g\/mL of nanoparticles had better printability compared to other concentrations, while the mechanical stability of the scaffolds was maintained over a 14-day culture period. The examination of the incorporated cells demonstrated a high degree of viability and proliferation with visualization of the beginning of an epithelial barrier layer. Taken together, this study demonstrates that a chitosan-coated alginate-based nanoparticle system allows the sustained release of growth factors in bioprinted respiratory tissue scaffolds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15010020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T07:47:16Z","timestamp":1705045636000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of a Nanoparticle System for Controlled Release in Bioprinted Respiratory Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8758-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Zimmerling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"},{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Sunil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4706-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4716-549X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiongbiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.60893","article-title":"Effects of biomechanical forces on the biological behaviour of cancer stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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