{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T18:17:52Z","timestamp":1789237072331,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Trials\u2014Oral Health &amp; Technologies","award":["FDC 2019-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDC 2019-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to investigate dentin chemical and ultrastructural changes upon exposure to remineralizing dentifrices. Dentin disks were obtained from permanent human molars and treated for 7 days with the dentifrices: (1) C group\u2014control (no dentifrice); (2) S group\u2014Sensodyne Repair &amp; Protect; (3) D group\u2014Dentalclean Daily Regenerating Gel; and (4) DB group\u2014D group + Dentalclean regenerating booster. Afterwards, samples were submitted to an additional 7 days of toothbrushing associated with daily acidic challenge. Samples were imaged and analyzed (days 1, 7, and 14) for Young\u2019s modulus by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). SEM and AFM revealed precipitate deposition on dentin surfaces in groups S, D, and DB, formed as early as day 1. Surface elemental analysis showed a Si increase on all brushed surfaces. Similar surface morphology was maintained after the acidic challenge period. Bright-field TEM\/SAED revealed the formation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite inside the dentin tubules of groups S, D, and DB after day 7. Group C presented a gradual reduction of Young\u2019s modulus from days-1\u201314, whereas all remaining groups had increased values. All evaluated dentifrices led to successful formation of hydroxyapatite and increased dentin stiffness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T04:56:59Z","timestamp":1705381019000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Chemical and Ultrastructural Characterization of Dentin Treated with Remineralizing Dentifrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra","family":"Athanasiadou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Eymael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beshr","family":"Hajhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1730-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina M. M.","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8969-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Prakki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201601292","article-title":"Influence of the extended use of desensitizing toothpastes on dentin bonding, microhardness and roughness","volume":"28","author":"Aguiar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. 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