{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:25:00Z","timestamp":1790828700178,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the viscoelastic deformation mechanisms of bone as a response to Vickers hardness indentation. We utilized advanced high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate a distinct deformation pattern that originates from the indentation site within the bone matrix. The focus of our research was to analyze a unique deformation mechanism observed in bone tissue, which has been colloquially termed as \u201cscrew-like\u201d due to its resemblance to a screw thread when viewed under an optical microscope. The primary goals of this research are to investigate the distinctive characteristics of the \u201cscrew-like\u201d deformation pattern and to determine how the microstructure of bone influences the initiation and control of this mechanism. These patterns, emerging during the dwell period of indentation, underscore the viscoelastic nature of bone, indicating its propensity for energy dissipation and microstructural reconfiguration under load. This study uncovered a direct correlation between the length of the \u201cscrew-like\u201d deformation and the duration of the indentation dwell time, providing quantifiable evidence of the bone\u2019s viscoelastic behavior. This finding is pivotal in understanding the mechanical properties of bone, including its fracture toughness, as it relates to the complex interplay of factors such as energy dissipation, microstructural reinforcement, and stress distribution. Furthermore, this study discusses the implications of viscoelastic properties on the bone\u2019s ability to resist mechanical challenges, underscoring the significance of viscoelasticity in bone research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15040087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:44:52Z","timestamp":1711892692000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel Viscoelastic Deformation Mechanism Uncovered during Vickers Hardness Study of Bone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khosro","family":"Shirvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Dalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Abdel Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan 11421, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra053077","article-title":"Bone quality\u2014the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility","volume":"354","author":"Seeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. 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