{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:24:25Z","timestamp":1783056265487,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research council of Lithuania","award":["KD-19142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KD-19142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yeasts resistant to antifungals have become an increasing risk to human health. One of the best antimicrobial properties is reported to be present in silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); however, little is known about the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs produced using thermophilic bacteria. How AgNPs cause cell death is different depending on the type of the cell, and the mode of death induced is cell-type specific. Apoptosis, one of the types of regulated cell death, can be extremely useful in the fight against infection because surrounding cells that have phagocytic activity can efficiently absorb the apoptotic bodies formed during apoptosis. In the course of this work, for the first time, comprehensive antifungal studies of AgNPs were performed using thermophilic Geobacillus spp. bacteria against Candida guilliermondii, also with the addition of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The determined minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 10 \u03bcg\/mL against C. guilliermondii and 50 \u03bcg\/mL against S. cerevisiae for Geobacillus sp. strain 25 AgNPs, and for Geobacillus sp. 612 the MICs were 5 \u03bcg\/mL and 25 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. It was shown for the first time that the exposure of the yeast cells leads to caspase activation in both S. cerevisiae and C.\u00a0guilliermondii after exposure to Geobacillus spp. AgNPs. Also, a statistically significant change in the number of cells with permeable membranes was detected. Moreover, it was shown that the antimicrobial effect of the AgNPs is related to ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in C.\u00a0guilliermondii yeast.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15060142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T05:14:02Z","timestamp":1716786842000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Induction of Apoptosis with Silver Nanoparticles Obtained Using Thermophilic Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kotryna","family":"\u010cekuolyt\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis Avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"\u0160apait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis Avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estera","family":"\u017demgulyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis Avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7839-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Gudiukait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis Avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6390-9033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egl\u0117","family":"Lastauskien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis Avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160042","article-title":"Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Candida Isolates Obtained from Diabetic Patients and Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"111","author":"Benedetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00826-w","article-title":"Immune Responses to Human Fungal Pathogens and Therapeutic Prospects","volume":"23","author":"Lionakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marak, M.B., and Dhanashree, B. (2018). Antifungal Susceptibility and Biofilm Production of Candida Spp. Isolated from Clinical Samples. Int. J. Microbiol., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7495218"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06","article-title":"Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: A Persistent Public Health Problem","volume":"20","author":"Pfaller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4801","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S205736","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Induce Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Cell Cycle Delay and Synergistic Cytotoxicity with 3-Bromopyruvate in Candida Albicans, but Not in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01153","article-title":"Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Organisms","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.717","article-title":"Ion-release Kinetics and Ecotoxicity Effects of Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxic. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"49","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles: An Upcoming Therapeutic Agent for the Resistant Candida Infections","volume":"7","author":"Perween","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, M.F., Paschoal, A.C.C., Klimeck, T.D.F., Kuligovski, C., Marcon, B.H., De Aguiar, A.M., and Murray, P.G. (2022). Biological Synthesis of Low Cytotoxicity Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the Fungus Chaetomium Thermophilum\u2014Sustainable Nanotechnology. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060605"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cekuolyte, K., Gudiukaite, R., Klimkevicius, V., Mazrimaite, V., Maneikis, A., and Lastauskiene, E. (2023). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Produced Using Geobacillus Spp. Bacteria. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13040702"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2023.2230496","article-title":"Novel Extracellular Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Thermophilic Anoxybacillus Flavithermus and Geobacillus Stearothermophilus and Their Evaluation as Nanodrugs","volume":"54","author":"Giray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2011.07.003","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Using Thermophilic Bacterium Geobacillus Stearothermophilus","volume":"46","author":"Girilal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosfeld, E.V., Bidiuk, V.A., Mitkevich, O.V., Ghazy, E.S.M.O., Kushnirov, V.V., and Alexandrov, A.I. (2021). A Systematic Survey of Characteristic Features of Yeast Cell Death Triggered by External Factors. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110886"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3253","article-title":"Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in Homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Arandjelovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.10.022","article-title":"Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles in Testicular Cells","volume":"291","author":"Asare","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00534D","article-title":"The Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Their Interaction with Cells: An in Vitro Metabolomic Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Awashra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.15.3735-3740.1998","article-title":"Cell Wall Architecture in Yeast: New Structure and New Challenges","volume":"180","author":"Lipke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S197531","article-title":"Differential Recognition of Candida Tropicalis, Candida Guilliermondii, Candida Krusei, and Candida Auris by Human Innate Immune Cells","volume":"12","author":"Franco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0585-9","article-title":"Formic Acid and Acetic Acid Induce a Programmed Cell Death in Pathogenic Candida Species","volume":"69","author":"Kaunietis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.12.027","article-title":"A Novel Method for Comparison of Biocidal Properties of Nanomaterials to Bacteria, Yeasts and Algae","volume":"286","author":"Suppi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2018.01.607","article-title":"Guidelines and Recommendations on Yeast Cell Death Nomenclature","volume":"5","author":"Bauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34548","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA28328D","article-title":"Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Garcinia Imberti Bourd and Their Impact on Root Canal Pathogens and HepG2 Cell Lines","volume":"7","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"179","article-title":"Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Streptomyces sp. VSMGT1014 and their antimicrobial efficiency","volume":"10","author":"Shanmugaiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqi, K.S., Husen, A., and Rao, R.A.K. (2018). A Review on Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Biocidal Properties. J. Nanobiotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0334-5"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.1.2.114","article-title":"Improved Flow Cytometric Analysis of the Budding Yeast Cell Cycle","volume":"1","author":"Haase","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00026a012","article-title":"Evaluation of the Probe 2\u2019,7\u2019-Dichiorofluorescin as an Indicator of Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Oxidative Stress","volume":"5","author":"LeBel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720867","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.720867","article-title":"Lipid Peroxide-Derived Reactive Carbonyl Species as Mediators of Oxidative Stress and Signaling","volume":"12","author":"Biswas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2020.03.014","article-title":"Achieving Life through Death: Redox Biology of Lipid Peroxidation in Ferroptosis","volume":"27","author":"Anthonymuthu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102401","article-title":"Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Novel Endophytic Rothia Endophytica: Characterization and Anticandidal Activity","volume":"62","author":"Elbahnasawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/15\/6\/142\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:48:31Z","timestamp":1760107711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/15\/6\/142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb15060142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb15060142","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]}}}