{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:31:54Z","timestamp":1772803914683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004801","name":"Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHDF-19-2646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHDF-19-2646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid progress in nanotechnology has introduced multifunctional iron oxide nanoparticles as promising agents in cancer treatment. This research focused on the synthesis and assessment of citric-acid-coated, folic-acid-conjugated nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin, evaluating their therapeutic potential in tumor models. An advanced automated continuous technology line (CTL) utilizing a controlled co-precipitation method was employed to produce highly dispersive, multifunctional nanofluids with a narrow size distribution. Various techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were employed to examine the particle size, zeta potential, structure, and morphology. Magnetic properties were analyzed through vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and surface modifications were confirmed via UV-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity and drug delivery efficiency were evaluated in vitro using RM1 (prostate cancer) and MEC1 (chronic lymphocytic leukemia) cell lines. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated the successful intracellular delivery of doxorubicin, showcasing the nanoparticles\u2019 potential for targeted cancer therapy. However, folic-acid-conjugated nanoparticles exhibited diminished effectiveness over time. This study highlights the importance of nanoparticle optimization for enhancing therapeutic performance. Further research should aim to improve nanoparticle formulations and explore their long-term impacts for the development of safe, targeted cancer treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15120364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T09:18:32Z","timestamp":1733217512000},"page":"364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characteristics and Antitumor Activity of Doxorubicin-Loaded Multifunctional Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in MEC1 and RM1 Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8374-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nino","family":"Maisuradze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Microbiology, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 1, Ilia Tchavchavadze Ave., 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shalva","family":"Kekutia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanocomposites Laboratory, Vladimer Chavchanidze Institute of Cybernetics of the Georgian Technical University, Z. Anjafaridze Str. 5, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5570-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jano","family":"Markhulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanocomposites Laboratory, Vladimer Chavchanidze Institute of Cybernetics of the Georgian Technical University, Z. Anjafaridze Str. 5, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Tsertsvadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Microbiology, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 1, Ilia Tchavchavadze Ave., 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9860-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimer","family":"Mikelashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanocomposites Laboratory, Vladimer Chavchanidze Institute of Cybernetics of the Georgian Technical University, Z. Anjafaridze Str. 5, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Saneblidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanocomposites Laboratory, Vladimer Chavchanidze Institute of Cybernetics of the Georgian Technical University, Z. Anjafaridze Str. 5, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikoloz","family":"Chkhaidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanocomposites Laboratory, Vladimer Chavchanidze Institute of Cybernetics of the Georgian Technical University, Z. Anjafaridze Str. 5, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zsolt Endre","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Mikl\u00f3s Str. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5750-5788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Alm\u00e1sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Mikl\u00f3s Str. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nunu","family":"Mitskevichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Microbiology, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 1, Ilia Tchavchavadze Ave., 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurczewska, J., and Dobosz, B. (2024). Recent Progress and Challenges Regarding Magnetite-Based Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14031132"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01463-z","article-title":"Advances of Medical Nanorobots for Future Cancer Treatments","volume":"16","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lage, T., Rodrigues, R.O., Catarino, S., Gallo, J., Ba\u00f1obre-L\u00f3pez, M., and Minas, G. (2021). 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