{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T05:14:55Z","timestamp":1768799695359,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ultradent Japan","award":["R05-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R05-32"]}]},{"name":"Ultradent Japan","award":["RSPD2024R790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R790"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R05-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R05-32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2024R790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to clarify the effects of high-concentration fluoride varnish application on the inhibition of the progression of initial enamel caries. Remineralization capacity and acid resistance following high-concentration fluoride varnish application were compared with untreated models and models treated with fluoride mouthwash. Bovine enamel was used to create a model of initial enamel caries. The high-concentration fluoride varnishes Enamelast and Clinpro White Varnish and the fluoride mouthwash Miranol were used. Specimens were evaluated using Contact Microradiography (CMR) and an Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA). While a single application of high-concentration fluoride varnish and short-term fluoride mouthwash use did not appear to cause remineralization in the subsurface demineralized layer, improvements in acid resistance were observed, leading to reduced demineralization under subsequent acidic challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15120380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1734407162000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Fluoride Varnishes on Demineralization and Acid Resistance in Subsurface Demineralized Lesion Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rika","family":"Iwawaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Horie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alhotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Nagatsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Sakuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-6012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumiko","family":"Yoshihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathology & Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7304-3971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akimasa","family":"Tsujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, Creighton University School of Dentistry, Omaha, NE 68102, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). 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Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1159\/000260543","article-title":"A chemical and histological study of artificial caries in human dental enamel in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Ingram","year":"1981","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2024, November 10). FDI Policy Statement. Minimal Intervention Dentistry (MID) for Managing Dental Caries. Available online: https:\/\/www.fdiworlddental.org\/minimal-intervention-dentistry-mid-managing-dental-caries."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x","article-title":"The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): An integrated system for measuring dental caries","volume":"35","author":"Ismail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Dent. 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J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22499.3","article-title":"The role of salivary contents and modern technologies in the remineralization of dental enamel: A narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Farooq","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"545","article-title":"Fluoride varnishes\u2014Is there a correlation between fluoride release and deposition on enamel?","volume":"13","author":"Bolis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2018.07.004","article-title":"Remineralization effects when using different methods to apply fluoride varnish in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e044","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0044","article-title":"Remineralizing effect of commercial fluoride varnishes on artificial enamel lesions","volume":"33","author":"Godoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/15\/12\/380\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:32Z","timestamp":1760115212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/15\/12\/380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb15120380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb15120380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}}}