{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:22:39Z","timestamp":1790954559108,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article reviews the topic of stannous fluoride as an anti-caries additive in toothpastes. It is based on a literature survey carried out using Science Direct, supplemented by information from PubMed. The keywords used were stannous fluoride, toothpaste, clinical effects, caries, hypersensitivity, gingival health, structure and aqueous solutions. The initial searches covered the period 2015\u20132024 and identified 57 references. Older references cited in these papers, and also papers already known to the author, were also included. The information thus obtained shows that stannous fluoride has three main effects, namely, reduction in the viability of the oral biofilm, increase in remineralisation of the hydroxyapatite tooth mineral and occlusion of dentinal tubules leading to reduced hypersensitivity. Stannous fluoride was shown to be the most effective of all the fluoride additives used in toothpastes. In much of the dental literature, this is attributed to the effects of Sn2+ ions. However, as has been shown extensively in the wider scientific literature, free Sn2+ ions do not occur in aqueous systems. Rather, the initial products of the dissolution of SnF2 is undissociated, hydrated SnF2 and SnF+ ions. These gradually exchange fluoride to form Sn(OH)2 and Sn(OH)+. Their likely mechanism of action based on their toxicity towards oral micro-organisms and their interaction with hydroxyapatite is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16030073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:53:39Z","timestamp":1740027219000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Stannous Fluoride in Toothpastes: A Review of Its Clinical Effects and Likely Mechanisms of Action"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-8770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John W.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bluefield Centre for Biomaterials Ltd., Kemp House, 152-160 City Road, London EC1V 2NX, UK"},{"name":"Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fejerskov, O., Nyrad, B., and Kidd, E.A.M. 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