{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:49:27Z","timestamp":1791470967048,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR24992786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24992786"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bone elasticity is one of the most important biomechanical parameters of the skeleton. It varies markedly with age, anatomical zone, bone type (cortical or trabecular) and bone marrow status. Methods: This review presents the result of a systematic review and analysis of 495 experimental and analytical papers on the elastic properties of bone tissue. The bone characteristics of hip, shoulder, skull, vertebrae as a function of the factors of age (young and old), sex (male and female), presence\/absence of bone marrow and different test methods are examined. The Bayesian neural network (BNN) was used to estimate the uncertainty in some skeletal parameters (age, sex, and body mass index) in predicting bone elastic modulus. Results: It was found that the modulus of elasticity of cortical bone in young people is in the range of 10\u201330 GPa (depending on the type of bone), and with increasing age, this slightly decreases to 10\u201325 GPa, while trabecular tissue varies from 0.2 to 5 GPa and reacts more acutely to osteoporosis. Bone marrow, according to several studies, is able to partially increase stiffness under impact loading, but its contribution is minimal under slow deformations. Conclusions: BNN confirmed high variability, supplementing the predictions with confidence intervals and allowed the formation of equations for the calculation of bone tissue elastic modulus for the subsequent selection of the recommended elastic modulus of the finished implant, taking into account the biomechanical characteristics of bone tissue depending on age (young and old), sex (men and women) and anatomical zones of the human skeleton.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16050168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T06:47:15Z","timestamp":1746686835000},"page":"168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Analysis of Biomechanical Characteristics of Bone Tissues Using a Bayesian Neural Network: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nail","family":"Beisekenov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2870-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzhan","family":"Sadenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D. Serikbayev, East Kazakhstan Technical University, 19 Serikbayev Str., Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bagdat","family":"Azamatov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D. Serikbayev, East Kazakhstan Technical University, 19 Serikbayev Str., Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Syrnev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D. Serikbayev, East Kazakhstan Technical University, 19 Serikbayev Str., Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, N., Moura, M.F.S.F., Olhero, S., Simoes, R., Magalh\u00e3es, F.D., Marques, A.T., Ferreira, J.P.S., Reis, A.R., Carvalho, M., and Parente, M. (2022). Bone: An outstanding composite material. Appl. 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