{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T01:18:10Z","timestamp":1778548690049,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI)","award":["SNEO-20211395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNEO-20211395"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI)","award":["2022-T1\/IND-23973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-T1\/IND-23973"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI)","award":["PID2022-137274NB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137274NB-C31"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI)","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid for \u201cAtracci\u00f3n de Talento\u201d","award":["SNEO-20211395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNEO-20211395"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid for \u201cAtracci\u00f3n de Talento\u201d","award":["2022-T1\/IND-23973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-T1\/IND-23973"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid for \u201cAtracci\u00f3n de Talento\u201d","award":["PID2022-137274NB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137274NB-C31"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid for \u201cAtracci\u00f3n de Talento\u201d","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"ERDF\/EU","award":["SNEO-20211395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNEO-20211395"]}]},{"name":"ERDF\/EU","award":["2022-T1\/IND-23973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-T1\/IND-23973"]}]},{"name":"ERDF\/EU","award":["PID2022-137274NB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137274NB-C31"]}]},{"name":"ERDF\/EU","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the biological performance in vitro of two 3D-printed hydroxyapatite (HA) and polylactic acid (PLA) composite scaffolds with two different infill densities (50% [HA-PLA50] and 70% [HA-PLA70]). Comparative analysis using MG-63 cell cultures evaluated the following: (1) integrity after exposure to various sterilization methods; (2) cell viability; (3) morphological characteristics; (4) cell proliferation; (5) cytotoxicity; (6) gene expression; and (7) protein synthesis. Ultraviolet radiation was the preferred sterilization method. Both scaffolds maintained adequate cell viability and proliferation over 7 days without significant differences in cytotoxicity. Notably, HA-PLA50 scaffolds demonstrated superior osteogenic potential, showing a significantly higher expression of collagen type I (COL1A1) and an increased synthesis of interleukins 6 and 8 (IL-6, IL-8) compared to HA-PLA70 scaffolds. While both scaffold types supported robust cell growth, the HA-PLA50 formulation exhibited enhanced bioactivity, suggesting a potential advantage for bone tissue engineering applications. These findings provide important insights for optimizing 3D-printed bone graft substitutes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16060218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T06:42:48Z","timestamp":1749710568000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In Vitro Biological Properties Assessment of 3D-Printed Hydroxyapatite\u2013Polylactic Acid Scaffolds Intended for Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8655-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eddy","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Chamorro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases (ETEP) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ferr\u00e1ndez-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ceramics and Glass (ICV), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1139-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Martin-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ceramics and Glass (ICV), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3377-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ceramics and Glass (ICV), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2874-6640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Javier","family":"Sanchez-Herencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ceramics and Glass (ICV), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3376-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leire","family":"Virto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases (ETEP) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases (ETEP) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3129-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Figuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases (ETEP) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases (ETEP) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Bone healing and soft tissue contour changes following single-tooth extraction: A clinical and radiographic 12-month prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Schropp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. 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