{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:28Z","timestamp":1787028688171,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Association of Orthodontists Foundation (AAOF) Biomedical Research Award"},{"name":"International Orthodontic Foundation (IOF) Young Research Grant"},{"name":"American Association for Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Research Anne D. Haffajee Fellowship"},{"name":"American Academy of Periodontology Foundation (AAPF) Dr. Colin Richman And Family Perio.-Ortho. Interface Award"},{"name":"J. Henry O\u2019Hern Jr. Pilot Grant from the Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fixed orthodontic appliances, which are cemented to tooth surfaces, complicate the maintenance of oral hygiene and create a rough surface that is favorable for bacteria attachment. Additionally, the presence of orthodontic appliances may conceive a unique environment that interacts with cariogenic microorganisms, fostering a distinct microbial ecosystem compared to that of the patients without orthodontic appliances, thus increasing the vulnerability of tooth surfaces to demineralization and caries formation. Silver (Ag) has shown strong antimicrobial effects and has been extensively investigated in the medical field. Here, we aim to review the antibacterial properties and potential side effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) when incorporated into orthodontic bonding reagents. This valuation could contribute to the development of novel bonding reagents designed to prevent the formation of white spot lesions and caries during orthodontic treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16070244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T06:54:16Z","timestamp":1751525656000},"page":"244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Usage of Silver Nanoparticles in Orthodontic Bonding Reagents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Janet Jisoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meigan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zinah","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7277-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geelsu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsi","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2314-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark S.","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4905-3563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenshuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02068.x","article-title":"The orthodontic-periodontic interrelationship in integrated treatment challenges: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Gkantidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakrzewski, W., Dobrzynski, M., Dobrzynski, W., Zawadzka-Knefel, A., Janecki, M., Kurek, K., Lubojanski, A., Szymonowicz, M., Rybak, Z., and Wiglusz, R.J. (2021). Nanomaterials Application in Orthodontics. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020337"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skilbeck, M.G., Cannon, R.D., Farella, M., and Mei, L. (2023). The effect of surface roughening of orthodontic elastomers on hydrophobicity and in vitro adherence of Streptococcus gordonii. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105881"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.05.069","article-title":"An overview of application of silver nanoparticles for biomaterials in dentistry","volume":"91","author":"Bapat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22835","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect, frictional resistance, and surface roughness of stainless steel orthodontic brackets coated with nanofilms of silver and titanium oxide: A preliminary study","volume":"80","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4970.18.04127-4","article-title":"Oral mucosal complications in orthodontic treatment","volume":"68","author":"Manuelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70075-7","article-title":"Microbial attack of orthodontic adhesives","volume":"108","author":"Matasa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.34172\/joddd.2021.015","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of nano-silver particles used in orthodontics fixed retainer composites: An experimental in-vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Mirhashemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.06.036","article-title":"Prevalence of cariogenic streptococci on incisor brackets detected by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"131","author":"Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, W., and Ge, S. (2019). Application of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Dentistry. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061033"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103327","article-title":"Biogenic synthesis and antimicrobial activity of silica-coated silver nanoparticles for esthetic dental applications","volume":"96","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.08.010","article-title":"The antimicrobial and osteoinductive properties of silver nanoparticle\/poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-coated stainless steel","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.08.041","article-title":"The use of BMP-2 coupled\u2014Nanosilver-PLGA composite grafts to induce bone repair in grossly infected segmental defects","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696918","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/696918","article-title":"Current development of silver nanoparticle preparation, investigation, and application in the field of medicine","volume":"2015","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2021.03.016","article-title":"Effect of nanosilver mouthwash on prevention of white spot lesions in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment\u2014A randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.07.002","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles in dentistry","volume":"33","author":"Noronha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.200895","article-title":"Antibacterial nanosilver coated orthodontic bands with potential implications in dentistry","volume":"144","author":"Prabha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.26.20120027","article-title":"Current perspectives of nanoparticles in medical and dental biomaterials","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e222116","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.27.3.e222116.oar","article-title":"Experimental composite containing silicon dioxide-coated silver nanoparticles for orthodontic bonding: Antimicrobial activity and shear bond strength","volume":"27","author":"Aguiar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Press. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0334-5","article-title":"A review on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biocidal properties","volume":"16","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA44507K","article-title":"Size-controlled silver nanoparticles synthesized over the range 5\u2013100 nm using the same protocol and their antibacterial efficacy","volume":"4","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rsc Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068445e","article-title":"Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications","volume":"108","author":"Laurent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna, T., Maldonado-Bravo, F., Jara, P., and Caro, N. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137202"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Incorporated in an Orthodontic Adhesive: An Animal Study","volume":"17","author":"Bahador","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Dent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15449","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b02798","article-title":"Using an Engineered Galvanic Redox System to Generate Positive Surface Potentials that Promote Osteogenic Functions","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900378","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201900378","article-title":"Disinfection of infected root canals: Nanosilver has good potential","volume":"3","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"474","article-title":"Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Betel Leaf Extract Added into Orthodontic Adhesive on the Bracket\u2019s Tensile Bond Strength","volume":"14","author":"Retnaningrum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Dent. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720160154","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticles on the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of an orthodontic adhesive","volume":"24","author":"Degrazia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.369625","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and shear bond strength of fiber-reinforced composites and bonding agents containing 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% silver nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Jenabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/9.2.117","article-title":"Caries incidence in orthodontic patients with high levels of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"9","author":"Lundstrom","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blocher, S., Frankenberger, R., Hellak, A., Schauseil, M., Roggendorf, M.J., and Korbmacher-Steiner, H.M. (2015). Effect on enamel shear bond strength of adding microsilver and nanosilver particles to the primer of an orthodontic adhesive. BMC Oral. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0024-8"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2012.741699","article-title":"Investigating the effect of incorporating nanosilver\/nanohydroxyapatite particles on the shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives","volume":"71","author":"Akhavan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2020\/757","article-title":"Effect of Adding Nano Silver-Hydroxyapatite to the Orthodontic Primer on Bracket-Enamel Shear Bond Strength","volume":"9","author":"Gilani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Evol. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grenho, L., Barros, J., Ferreira, C., Santos, V.R., Monteiro, F.J., Ferraz, M.P., and Cortes, M.E. (2015). In vitro antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of propolis containing nanohydroxyapatite. Biomed. Mater., 10.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/2\/025004"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eslamian, L., Borzabadi-Farahani, A., Karimi, S., Saadat, S., and Badiee, M.R. (2020). Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength and Antibacterial Activity of Orthodontic Adhesive Containing Silver Nanoparticle, an In-Vitro Study. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081466"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e685","article-title":"Antibacterial and white spot lesions preventive effect of an orthodontic resin modified with silver-nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Tay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"e706","article-title":"Raman microscopy evaluation of the preventive effect of a modified orthodontic adhesive with silver nanoparticles on the formation of white spot lesions","volume":"15","author":"Tay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2903","article-title":"Evaluation of the Preventive Effect of Composites Containing Silver and TiO(2) Nanoparticles on Demineralization around Orthodontic Brackets","volume":"21","author":"Najafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e222067","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.27.5.e222067.oar","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial properties and shear bond strength of orthodontic composites containing silver nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles and fluoride: An in vitro study","volume":"27","author":"Mahendra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dental Press. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2008.06.002","article-title":"Experimental antimicrobial orthodontic adhesives using nanofillers and silver nanoparticles","volume":"25","author":"Ahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-0203.192115","article-title":"Comparative evaluation and influence on shear bond strength of incorporating silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in orthodontic adhesive","volume":"5","author":"Reddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e241","article-title":"Effect of an orthodontic resin modified with silver-nanoparticles on enamel color change","volume":"14","author":"Tay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"285","article-title":"Comparison of the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Composites Containing Silver and Amorphous Tricalcium Phosphate Nanoparticles: An ex vivo Study","volume":"24","author":"Tavakolinejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.11.021","article-title":"Effect of the addition of silver nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of an orthodontic adhesive","volume":"36","author":"Tay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_183_21","article-title":"Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets after adding silver nanoparticles to a nano-bond adhesive at different thermal cycles and cyclic loading-An in vitro study","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, A., Wang, P., Tong, F., Chen, Z., Deng, Y., Yao, H., Wang, L., Liu, Y., and Ge, H. (2023). Developing a Novel Enamel Adhesive with Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Silver Nanoparticles to Prevent Demineralization during Orthodontic Treatment. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14020077"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24503","article-title":"Orthodontic adhesive loaded with different proportions of ZrO2 silver-doped nanoparticles: An in vitro muTBS, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and antimicrobial analysis","volume":"87","author":"Almoammar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/16\/10\/059","article-title":"The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Morones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5850","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.26265","article-title":"Graphene functionalized with nanosilver particle-modified methacrylate-based bonding agent improves antimicrobial capacity and mechanical strength at tooth orthodontic bracket interface","volume":"42","author":"Sawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.131490","article-title":"Formulation and clinical performance of nanosilver loaded poly-l-glycolic acid modified orthodontic adhesive for orthodontic bonding","volume":"1249","author":"Kamran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seifi, M., Eskandarloo, F., Amdjadi, P., and Farmany, A. (2024). Investigation of mechanical properties, remineralization, antibacterial effect, and cellular toxicity of composite orthodontic adhesive combined with silver-containing nanostructured bioactive glass. BMC Oral. Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04402-7"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-016-0153-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of a conventional orthodontic composite containing silver\/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles","volume":"17","author":"Sodagar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/23202068241247952","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Assessment of Antimicrobial Properties of Silver-doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Orthodontic Composite","volume":"15","author":"Rajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Oral. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.104836","article-title":"Mechanical and microbiological properties of orthodontic resin modified with nanostructured silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (betaAgVO3)","volume":"145","author":"Uehara","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743411","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4743411","article-title":"A Novel Developed Bioactive Composite Resin Containing Silver\/Zinc Oxide (Ag\/ZnO) Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Material against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans","volume":"2021","author":"Kachoei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01765.x","article-title":"The influence of surface roughness and surface-free energy on supra- and subgingival plaque formation in man. A review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Quirynen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.12.003","article-title":"Antibacterial properties and compressive strength of new one-step preparation silver nanoparticles in glass ionomer cements (NanoAg-GIC)","volume":"69","author":"Paiva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.06.017","article-title":"Antibacterial orthodontic cement to combat biofilm and white spot lesions","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-013-0781-7","article-title":"Long-term antibacterial properties and bond strength of experimental nano silver-containing orthodontic cements","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-015-1310-7","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of nano silver-containing orthodontic cements in the rat caries disease model","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2319\/073120-670.1","article-title":"The effect of N-acetylcysteine on the antibacterial capability and biocompatibility of nano silver-containing orthodontic cement","volume":"91","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"e275","article-title":"Mechanical and dentin bond strength properties of the nanosilver enriched glass ionomer cement","volume":"11","author":"Jowkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2024.100871","article-title":"Compressive strength and fluoride release profile of a glass ionomer cement reinforced with silver-hydroxyapatite-silica hybrid nanoparticles: An in vitro study","volume":"22","author":"Raghimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2023.100761","article-title":"Effect of incorporating silica-hydroxyapatite-silver hybrid nanoparticles into the resin-modified glass ionomer on the adhesive remnant index score and shear bond strength of orthodontic metal brackets: An in vitro study","volume":"21","author":"Biglar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.10.015","article-title":"The impact of fixed orthodontic appliances and clear aligners on the oral microbiome and the association with clinical parameters: A longitudinal comparative study","volume":"161","author":"Shokeen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/16\/7\/244\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:03:49Z","timestamp":1760033029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/16\/7\/244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb16070244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb16070244","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]}}}