{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T02:06:43Z","timestamp":1790561203129,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["112-2314-B-038-118-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2314-B-038-118-MY2"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["PTH114058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTH114058"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["PTH114075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTH114075"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["CMU107-S-53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU107-S-53"]}]},{"name":"Division of Research Planning and Development, Department of Research and Development, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["112-2314-B-038-118-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2314-B-038-118-MY2"]}]},{"name":"Division of Research Planning and Development, Department of Research and Development, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["PTH114058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTH114058"]}]},{"name":"Division of Research Planning and Development, Department of Research and Development, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["PTH114075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTH114075"]}]},{"name":"Division of Research Planning and Development, Department of Research and Development, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["CMU107-S-53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU107-S-53"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112-2314-B-038-118-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2314-B-038-118-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTH114058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTH114058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTH114075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTH114075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU107-S-53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU107-S-53"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zirconia is used widely for high-precision custom abutments; however, stress concentration can compromise osseointegration. Although glass\u2013ceramic spray deposition (GCSD) can enhance the surface properties of zirconia, its biological effects remain unclear. In this study, the biological responses of human osteoblast-like (MG-63) cells to GCSD-modified zirconia surfaces were evaluated to assess the potential application in zirconia abutments. Disk-shaped zirconia and titanium alloy samples were prepared; titanium served as the control (Ti). Zirconia was subjected to polishing (NT), airborne-particle abrasion (AB), or GCSD with (GE) or without (GC) hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching. Surface characteristics, including wettability, surface energy (SE), and surface potential (SP), were analyzed. Cytotoxicity and MG-63 cell adhesion were assessed using the PrestoBlue assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), viability staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Statistical analysis was performed with a significance level of 0.05. GCSD produced a dense glass\u2013ceramic coating on the zirconia surface, which significantly enhanced hydrophilicity as indicated by reduced water contact angles and increased SE in the GC and GE groups (p &lt; 0.05). HF etching increased SP (p &lt; 0.05). No cytotoxicity was observed in any group. SEM, viability staining, and CLSM revealed enhanced MG-63 cell attachment on Ti and GE surfaces and the highest viability ratio in the GE group. The NT group exhibited the lowest cell attachment and viability at all time points. GCSD effectively improved zirconia abutment surface properties by enhancing hydrophilicity and promoting MG-63 cell adhesion, with biocompatibility comparable to or better than that of titanium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16080288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T10:58:26Z","timestamp":1754564306000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Promoting Surface Energy and Osteoblast Viability on Zirconia Implant Abutments Through Glass\u2013Ceramic Spray Deposition Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wen-Chieh","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Tooth Bank and Dental Stem Cell Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Oral Hygiene, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan 32544, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao-Yu","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tooth Bank and Dental Stem Cell Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tooth Bank and Dental Stem Cell Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Ming","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Huayi Dental Laboratory, Taipei 10491, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Han","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7057-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Mine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Fu","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tooth Bank and Dental Stem Cell Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8451-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Ta","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8967-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan-Jae","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7168-9429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu-Yu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.01.062","article-title":"Zirconia surface modifications for implant dentistry","volume":"98","author":"Magini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.04.007","article-title":"A comparison of mvM stress of inlays, onlays and endocrowns made from various materials and their bonding with molars in a computer simulation of mastication\u2014FEA","volume":"36","author":"Dejak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36651","article-title":"Epithelial sealing effectiveness against titanium or zirconia implants surface","volume":"107","author":"Atsuta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2013.09.001","article-title":"Current status of zirconia restoration","volume":"57","author":"Takashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2019-172","article-title":"Zirconia versus titanium in dentistry: A review","volume":"39","author":"Hanawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2021.107401","article-title":"Research on suitable strength, elastic modulus and abrasion resistance of Ti\u2013Zr\u2013Nb medium entropy alloys (MEAs) for implant adaptation","volume":"140","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24711","article-title":"Effect of stress-shielding-induced bone resorption on glenoid loosening in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24840","article-title":"Stress shielding at the bone-implant interface: Influence of surface roughness and of the bone-implant contact ratio","volume":"39","author":"Raffa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"334","article-title":"Deep margin elevation versus crown lengthening: Biologic width revisited","volume":"13","author":"Sarfati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Esthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e417","article-title":"Effect of nanodiamond addition on flexural strength, impact strength, and surface roughness of PMMA denture base","volume":"28","author":"Gad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04497-8","article-title":"Effect of different polishing techniques on surface properties and bacterial adhesion on resin-ceramic CAD\/CAM materials","volume":"26","author":"Avcioglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112602","article-title":"Membrane surface roughness promotes rapid initial cell adhesion and long term microalgal biofilm stability","volume":"206","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13744","article-title":"Effect of laser surface treatment on shear bond strength between polyetheretherketone and heat-activated polymethylmethacrylate resin","volume":"33","author":"Balasubramanium","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P.S., Ks, S.K., Grandhi, V.V., and Gupta, V. (2019). The effects of titanium implant surface topography on osseointegration: Literature review. JMIR Biomed. Eng., 4.","DOI":"10.2196\/13237"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benalc\u00e1zar Jalkh, E.B., Parra, M., Torroni, A., Nayak, V.V., Tovar, N., Castellano, A., Badalov, R.M., Bonfante, E.A., Coelho, P.G., and Witek, L. (2021). Effect of supplemental acid-etching on the early stages of osseointegration: A preclinical model. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 122.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104682"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-022-00405-8","article-title":"Improvement of osseointegration of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V ELI alloy orthodontic mini-screws through anodization, cyclic pre-calcification, and heat treatments","volume":"23","author":"Im","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.06.252","article-title":"Effects of glass-ceramic spray deposition manipulation on the surface characteristics of zirconia dental restorations","volume":"48","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05847-4","article-title":"Does the internal surface treatment technique for enhanced bonding affect the color, transparency, and surface roughness of ultra-transparent zirconia?","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104503","article-title":"Digital evaluation of the effect of nanosilica-lithium spray coating on the internal and marginal fit of high translucent zirconia crowns","volume":"132","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"125","article-title":"Effects of hydrofluoric acid concentration and etching time on the bond strength to ceramic-coated zirconia","volume":"24","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, D., Wang, H., Shi, Y., Su, Z., Hannig, M., and Fu, B. (2023). The effect of surface treatments on zirconia bond strength and durability. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14020089"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4631","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704543115","article-title":"Biomaterial surface energy-driven ligand assembly strongly regulates stem cell mechanosensitivity and fate on very soft substrates","volume":"115","author":"Razafiarison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-008-3639-3","article-title":"Multilayer coatings on biomaterials for control of MG-63 osteoblast adhesion and growth","volume":"20","author":"Kirchhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.108915","article-title":"Surface potential and roughness controlled cell adhesion and collagen formation in electrospun PCL fibers for bone regeneration","volume":"194","author":"Metwally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.01.049","article-title":"Effect of surface potential on epithelial cell adhesion, proliferation and morphology","volume":"141","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-005-0213-6","article-title":"Effect of Electrical Polarization of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics on New Bone Formation","volume":"78","author":"Itoh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"536","article-title":"Oral implant surfaces: Part 1\u2014Review focusing on topographic and chemical properties of different surfaces and in vivo responses to them","volume":"17","author":"Albrektsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2006.06.025","article-title":"Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration","volume":"23","author":"Soueidan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00261-8","article-title":"The significance of the surface properties of oxidized titanium to the bone response: Special emphasis on potential biochemical bonding of oxidized titanium implant","volume":"24","author":"Sul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15467","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA02402G","article-title":"Effect of surface energy and roughness on cell adhesion and growth\u2014facile surface modification for enhanced cell culture","volume":"11","author":"Majhy","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.03.014","article-title":"The influence of hierarchical hybrid micro\/nano-textured titanium surface with titania nanotubes on osteoblast functions","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.02.018","article-title":"Gingival fibroblast response to (hybrid) ceramic implant reconstruction surfaces is modulated by biomaterial type and surface treatment","volume":"40","author":"Rabel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.5978","article-title":"Biologic behavior of pressed lithium disilicate ceramic and zirconia on human gingival fibroblasts: An in vitro study","volume":"42","author":"Moretti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.09.014","article-title":"Inflammatory and adhesion profile of gingival fibroblasts to lithium disilicate ceramic surfaces","volume":"40","author":"Lima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00010-6","article-title":"Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial","volume":"20","author":"Piconi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/16\/8\/288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:25:28Z","timestamp":1760034328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/16\/8\/288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb16080288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb16080288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}}}