{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:23:45Z","timestamp":1790713425991,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2021-NR058416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-NR058416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to develop and evaluate a bakuchiol-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel (BTH) as a novel local drug delivery system for the management of periodontitis. Bakuchiol, a natural phenolic compound extracted from Psoralea corylifolia, was incorporated into a hydrogel composed of poloxamers and carboxymethylcellulose. The gelation behavior, physicochemical properties, and drug release profile were analyzed. Additionally, antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis was assessed. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in human gingival fibroblasts and RAW 264.7 cells. Anti-inflammatory effects were determined by measuring proinflammatory cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, alveolar bone loss, cytokine expression, and histological findings were assessed in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis. BTH demonstrated sol\u2013gel transition at body temperature, with sustained drug release over 15 days. Moreover, it exhibited significant antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis and was non-cytotoxic at an extract concentration of 6.25%. In vitro, it significantly downregulated inflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages. In vivo, BTH application reduced alveolar bone loss and interleukin-1\u03b2 expression in gingival tissues. Histological analysis confirmed decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar bone destruction. Thus, BTH demonstrated both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, exhibiting potential as a promising therapeutic strategy for localized periodontal treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16080292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T13:30:38Z","timestamp":1755091838000},"page":"292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Injectable Thermosensitive Hydrogel Containing Bakuchiol Reduces Periodontal Inflammation and Alveolar Bone Loss in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-5157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Jin","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan City 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyu-Yeon","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Hee","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5219-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan City 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7250-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghan","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials Implant, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8678-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan City 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8607-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Myung","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials Implant, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13337","article-title":"Burden of severe periodontitis and edentulism in 2021, with projections up to 2050: The Global Burden of Disease 2021 study","volume":"59","author":"Nascimento","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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