{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:39:32Z","timestamp":1784810372291,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science for the AGH University of Krakow","award":["16.16.160.557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.160.557"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Composite scaffolds based on a hydrogel matrix modified with hydroxyapatite, magnesium, or zinc compounds are promising for filling and regenerating osteochondral defects due to the specific biological properties of these modifiers. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of hydroxyapatite, nano-hydroxyapatite, magnesium chloride, and zinc oxide on mechanical properties, swelling ability, behavior in a simulated biological environment (ion release, stability, bioactivity), and antibacterial effects. Furthermore, the influence of the hydrogel matrix (alginate, gelatin, alginate\/gelatin) on the selected properties was also assessed. The results showed that the addition of ZnO improved the mechanical properties of all types of matrices most effectively. Additionally, zinc ions were gradually released into the environment and partially incorporated into the formed apatite. The released zinc ions increased the inhibition zones of Staphylococcus aureus growth; however, this effect was observed only in scaffolds with an alginate matrix. This indicates that hydrogel plays a key role in antibacterial effects, beyond the contribution of antibacterial additives. No effect of magnesium on bacterial growth inhibition was observed despite its rapid release. Magnesium ions promoted efficient secretion of apatite during incubation, although it was not stable. The addition of nano-HAP significantly increased the stability of the apatite precipitates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16080300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T10:59:01Z","timestamp":1755601141000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Zinc and Magnesium Compounds and Nano-Hydroxyapatite on the Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activity of Alginate and Gelatin Scaffolds for Osteochondral Defects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0209-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Morawska-Choch\u00f3\u0142","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Urba\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"Reczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Kwiecie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4306-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Rzewuska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100177","article-title":"Next Generation Approaches for Cartilage Repair and Joint Preservation","volume":"4","author":"Tsujii","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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