{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:46:37Z","timestamp":1785548797638,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review article provides a comprehensive evaluation of Infuse\u00ae and InductOs\u00ae, two ground-breaking recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2)-based bone graft products, focusing on their tissue-level regenerative responses, clinical applications, and associated costs. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that rhBMP-2 induces strong osteoinductive activity, effectively promoting mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and vascularized bone remodeling. While generally well-tolerated, these osteoinductive effects are dose-dependent, and excessive dosing or off-label use may result in adverse outcomes, such as ectopic bone formation or soft tissue inflammation. Histological and imaging analyses in craniofacial, orthopedic, and spinal fusion models confirm significant bone regeneration, positioning rhBMP-2 as a viable alternative to autologous grafts. Notably, advances in delivery systems and scaffold design have enhanced the stability, bioavailability, and targeted release of rhBMP-2, leading to improved fusion rates and reduced healing times in selected patient populations. These innovations, alongside its proven regenerative efficacy, underscore its potential to expand treatment options in cases where autografts are limited or unsuitable. However, the high initial cost, primarily driven by rhBMP-2, remains a critical limitation. Although some studies suggest overall treatment costs might be comparable to autografts when factoring in reduced complications and operative time, autografts often remain more cost-effective. Infuse\u00ae has not substantially reduced the cost of bone regeneration and presents additional safety concerns due to the rapid (burst) release of growth factors and limited mechanical scaffold support. Despite representing a significant advancement in synthetic bone grafting, further innovation is essential to overcome limitations related to cost, mechanical properties, and controlled growth factor delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16090313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:01:01Z","timestamp":1756454461000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Critical Review of Commercial Collagen-Based Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration: Functional Properties and Clinical Evidence from Infuse\u00ae Bone Graft"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5143-0754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niki","family":"Karipidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Paul Muller","family":"Gorley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysoula","family":"Katrilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-5575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Manglaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5787-230X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios Nektarios","family":"Tzavellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Cheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4291-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Michailidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8278-1653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios E.","family":"Tsiridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Choli-Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Aggeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114257","article-title":"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: History, Progress, and Challenges","volume":"2","author":"Berthiaume","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429527","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3429527","article-title":"Scaffold Techniques and Designs in Tissue Engineering Functions and Purposes: A Review","volume":"2019","author":"Eltom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2341\/15-249-BL","article-title":"Material Tissue Interaction\u2014From Toxicity to Tissue Regeneration","volume":"41","author":"Schmalz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.7.FOCUS11168","article-title":"Clinically Relevant Complications Related to Pedicle Screw Placement in Thoracolumbar Surgery and Their Management: A Literature Review of 35,630 Pedicle Screws","volume":"31","author":"Gautschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110423","article-title":"Clinical Complications of Biodegradable Screws for Ligament Injuries","volume":"109","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.1040","article-title":"Complications of Syndesmotic Screw Removal","volume":"32","author":"Schepers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.105124","article-title":"A Review on Biomaterials-Based Scaffold: An Emerging Tool for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"34","author":"Francis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavitha Sri, A., Arthi, C., Neya, N.R., and Hikku, G.S. (2023). Nano-Hydroxyapatite\/Collagen Composite as Scaffold Material for Bone Regeneration. Biomed. Mater., 18.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/acc99e"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geevarghese, R., Sajjadi, S.S., Hudecki, A., Sajjadi, S., Jalal, N.R., Madrakian, T., Ahmadi, M., W\u0142odarczyk-Biegun, M.K., Ghavami, S., and Likus, W. (2022). Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Biomaterials and Their Effect on Cell Differentiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416185"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, J.R., Ribeiro, N., Baptista-Silva, S., Costa-Pinto, A.R., Alves, N., and Oliveira, A.L. (2020). In Situ Enabling Approaches for Tissue Regeneration: Current Challenges and New Developments. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00085"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katrilaka, C., Karipidou, N., Petrou, N., Manglaris, C., Katrilakas, G., Tzavellas, A.N., Pitou, M., Tsiridis, E.E., Choli-Papadopoulou, T., and Aggeli, A. (2023). Freeze-Drying Process for the Fabrication of Collagen-Based Sponges as Medical Devices in Biomedical Engineering. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.2064.v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i5.10","article-title":"Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Challenges","volume":"40","author":"Amini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2011.0475","article-title":"Bone Tissue Engineering and Regeneration: From Discovery to the Clinic\u2014An Overview","volume":"17","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battafarano, G., Rossi, M., De Martino, V., Marampon, F., Borro, L., Secinaro, A., and Del Fattore, A. (2021). Strategies for Bone Regeneration: From Graft to Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031128"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4729","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S510524","article-title":"Research Progress of Bone Grafting: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitriou, R., Jones, E., McGonagle, D., and Giannoudis, P.V. (2011). Bone Regeneration: Current Concepts and Future Directions. BMC Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-66"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.11.130","article-title":"Bone Graft Options in Spinal Fusion: A Review of Current Options and the Use of Mesenchymal Cellular Bone Matrices","volume":"158","author":"Viola","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220942501","article-title":"Efficacy, Cost, and Complications of Demineralized Bone Matrix in Instrumented Lumbar Fusion: Comparison With rhBMP-2","volume":"11","author":"Eleswarapu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.14444\/8056","article-title":"Allografts and Spinal Fusion","volume":"15","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoro, A., Voto, A., Fortino, L., Guida, R., Laudisio, C., Cillo, M., and D\u2019Ursi, A.M. (2025). Bone Defect Treatment in Regenerative Medicine: Exploring Natural and Synthetic Bone Substitutes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073085"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.D., Batchelder, C.A., Koleva, P., Ghaffari-Rafi, A., Karnati, T., Goodrich, D., Castillo, J., and Lee, C. (2025). In Vivo Performance of a Novel Hyper-Crosslinked Carbohydrate Polymer Bone Graft Substitute for Spinal Fusion. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12030243"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Pace, R., Molinari, S., Mazzoni, E., and Perale, G. (2025). Bone Regeneration: A Review of Current Treatment Strategies. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061838"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greising, S.M., and Call, J.A. (2022). Biomaterials in Connective Tissue Regeneration and Rehabilitation. Regenerative Rehabilitation, Springer International Publishing. Physiology in Health and Disease.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-95884-8"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.07.033","article-title":"Body Temperature-Activated Protein-Based Injectable Adhesive Hydrogel Incorporated with Decellularized Adipose Extracellular Matrix for Tissue-Specific Regenerative Stem Cell Therapy","volume":"114","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200304000-00001","article-title":"Is INFUSE Bone Graft Superior to Autograft Bone? An Integrated Analysis of Clinical Trials Using the LT-CAGE Lumbar Tapered Fusion Device","volume":"16","author":"Burkus","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord. Tech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v8.i7.531","article-title":"Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Spine Surgery","volume":"8","author":"Lykissas","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001492","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing rhBMP-2\/Absorbable Collagen Sponge Versus Autograft for the Treatment of Tibia Fractures With Critical Size Defects","volume":"33","author":"Lisa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.1335","article-title":"Self-assembly of Amphiphilic \u0392-sheet Peptide Tapes Based on Aliphatic Side Chains","volume":"17","author":"Davies","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.01.012","article-title":"Nanobiotechnology\u2014Quo Vadis?","volume":"13","author":"Koopmans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8085","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm00974a","article-title":"De Novo Designed Positively Charged Tape-Forming Peptides: Self-Assembly and Gelation in Physiological Solutions and Their Evaluation as 3D Matrices for Cell Growth","volume":"7","author":"Maude","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.11.001","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Structure","volume":"97","author":"Theocharis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.030","article-title":"A Multi-Functional Scaffold for Tissue Regeneration: The Need to Engineer a Tissue Analogue","volume":"28","author":"Causa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1122\/1.3266946","article-title":"Analysis of the Linear Viscoelasticity of Polyelectrolytes by Magnetic Microrheometry\u2014Pulsed Creep Experiments and the One Particle Response","volume":"54","author":"Tassieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rheol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-025-00255-0","article-title":"Trabecular-Bone Mimicking Osteoconductive Collagen Scaffolds: An Optimized 3D Printing Approach Using Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels","volume":"11","author":"Kontakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"3D Print Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9127","article-title":"Scaffold Design for Bone Regeneration","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kisiel, M., Klar, A.S., Ventura, M., Buijs, J., Mafina, M.-K., Cool, S.M., and Hilborn, J. (2013). Complexation and Sequestration of BMP-2 from an ECM Mimetic Hyaluronan Gel for Improved Bone Formation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078551"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.21037\/jss-22-23","article-title":"Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Spine Surgery: Recommendations for Use and Alternative Bone Substitutes\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"8","author":"Malham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, L., Ren, Y., Emmert, S., Vu\u010dkovi\u0107, I., Stojanovic, S., Najman, S., Schnettler, R., Barbeck, M., Schenke-Layland, K., and Xiong, X. (2023). The Use of Collagen-Based Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043744"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112466","article-title":"FDA-Approved Bone Grafts and Bone Graft Substitute Devices in Bone Regeneration","volume":"130","author":"Gillman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, S., and Siegel, R.A. (2016). Drug-Device Combinations for Chronic Diseases, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119002956"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-007-0418-6","article-title":"A Comprehensive Clinical Review of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (INFUSE\u00ae Bone Graft)","volume":"31","author":"McKay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Orthop. SICO"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e2347","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in Craniofacial Surgery","volume":"7","author":"Ramly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg.\u2014Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, N., Park, J., Park, S.-H., Oh, S., Kim, S., Cho, S.-W., Kim, J.-E., Moon, H.S., and Park, Y.-B. (2023). Improving Bone Formation by Guided Bone Regeneration Using a Collagen Membrane with rhBMP-2: A Novel Concept. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14030170"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Benecke, J.P., Tarsitano, E., Zimmermann, L.-M.A., Shakesheff, K.M., Walsh, W.R., and Bae, H.W. (2024). A Narrative Review on Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: Where Are We Now?. Cureus.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.67785"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Qi, G., Zhang, M., Carlson, B., Gernon, M., Burton, D., Sun, X.S., and Wang, J. (2024). Peptide Hydrogel for Sustained Release of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 In Vitro. J. Funct. Biomater., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15120369"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Inductos (2025, July 04). European Medicines Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/overview\/inductos-epar-summary-public_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Medtronic (2025, July 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.medtronic.com\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2025, July 04). What Is a Dental Bone Graft?. Available online: https:\/\/westlittlerockdentist.com\/what-is-a-dental-bone-graft\/."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, J.-W., Cho, J.H., Lee, J.B., and Kim, J.H. (2024). Evaluation of the Fusion Rate and Safety of Escherichia Coli-Derived rhBMP-2 in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Disease: A Prospective, Multicenter, Single-Arm Trial. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061733"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.274327","article-title":"The Potential of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 as a Neurotrophic Factor for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Goulding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3689","article-title":"BMP2 Promotes the Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells into Dopaminergic Neurons in Vitro via miR-145-Mediated Upregulation of Nurr1 Expression","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.76147","article-title":"Pros, Cons, and Costs of INFUSE in Spinal Surgery","volume":"2","author":"Epstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2025, July 04). Medtronic Expands Use of Controversial Infuse Product. Available online: https:\/\/www.mddionline.com\/product-development\/medtronic-expands-use-of-controversial-infuse-product."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2025, July 04). Infuse Bone Graft. Available online: https:\/\/www.drugwatch.com\/infuse\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200210000-00001","article-title":"Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using rhBMP-2 With Tapered Interbody Cages","volume":"15","author":"Burkus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord. Tech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112150-00026","article-title":"Laparoscopic Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion With rhBMP-2: A Prospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Kleeman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2015.0357","article-title":"A Review of the Clinical Side Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2","volume":"22","author":"James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B: Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.04.023","article-title":"A Critical Review of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Trials in Spinal Surgery: Emerging Safety Concerns and Lessons Learned","volume":"11","author":"Carragee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halloran, D., Durbano, H.W., and Nohe, A. (2020). Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Development and Bone Homeostasis. J. Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb8030019"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W128","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5484","article-title":"Radiographic and CT Evaluation of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2\u2013Assisted Spinal Interbody Fusion","volume":"197","author":"Sethi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1494-7","article-title":"Perioperative Complications with rhBMP-2 in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion","volume":"20","author":"Owens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsp.2013.08.001","article-title":"Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Rates in Patients Using a Novel Titanium Implant and Demineralized Cancellous Allograft Bone Sponge","volume":"7","author":"Girasole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0821-2","article-title":"Incidental Durotomy in Lumbar Spine Surgery: Incidence and Management","volume":"14","author":"Tafazal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.SPINE14129","article-title":"Intraoperative and Perioperative Complications in Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Review of 513 Patients","volume":"22","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.FOCUS15266","article-title":"Unintended Durotomy in Lumbar Degenerative Spinal Surgery: A 10-Year Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"39","author":"Ghobrial","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.01483","article-title":"Cancer Risk After Use of Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Spinal Arthrodesis","volume":"95","author":"Carragee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-12-201306180-00005","article-title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Spinal Fusion: A Meta-Analysis of Individual-Participant Data","volume":"158","author":"Simmonds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-12-201306180-00006","article-title":"Effectiveness and Harms of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Spine Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"158","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a3d3b4","article-title":"Risk of Cancer After Lumbar Fusion Surgery With Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 (Rh-BMP-2)","volume":"38","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.05.005","article-title":"Longer Follow-up Continues to Reveal No Increased Risk of Cancer with the Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein in Spine Fusion","volume":"19","author":"Dettori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.12.057","article-title":"The Influence of the Sequential Delivery of Angiogenic Factors from Affinity-Binding Alginate Scaffolds on Vascularization","volume":"30","author":"Freeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0223","article-title":"Growth Factor Delivery-Based Tissue Engineering: General Approaches and a Review of Recent Developments","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BMP-2 Evaluation in Surgery for Tibial Trauma (BESTT) Study Group (2002). Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Treatment of Open Tibial Fractures: A Prospective, Controlled, Randomized Study of Four Hundred and Fifty Patients. J. Bone Jt. Surg., 84, 2123\u20132134.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200212000-00001"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170072","article-title":"Open Fractures of the Lower Extremity: Current Management and Clinical Outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Elniel","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.07.028","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Grafting Materials in Alveolar Ridge Augmentation: A Systematic Review","volume":"44","author":"Troeltzsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01763","article-title":"Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2: A Randomized Trial in Open Tibial Fractures Treated with Reamed Nail Fixation","volume":"93","author":"Aro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000804","article-title":"A Prospective Randomized Trial to Assess Fixation Strategies for Severe Open Tibia Fractures: Modern Ring External Fixators Versus Internal Fixation (FIXIT Study)","volume":"31","author":"Gary","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2025, July 04). Intramedullary Nailing (Basic Technique). Available online: https:\/\/surgeryreference.aofoundation.org\/orthopedic-trauma\/adult-trauma\/basic-technique\/basic-principles-of-im-nailing#insertion-of-guide-wires."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2025, July 04). Infuse Bone Graft rhBMP2 Instructions for Preparation and Surgical Application for Open Tibial Fracture 2005. Available online: https:\/\/gahpl.com\/pdf\/biologics\/InfuseBMP.pdf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e847","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20120525-23","article-title":"Recombinant Human BMP-2 for the Treatment of Open Tibial Fractures","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00381","article-title":"Recombinant Human BMP-2 and Allograft Compared with Autogenous Bone Graft for Reconstruction of Diaphyseal Tibial Fractures with Cortical Defects: A Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"88","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.07.013","article-title":"Effects of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in Grade III Open Tibia Fractures Treated with Unreamed Nails\u2014A Clinical and Health-Economic Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Alt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.04.085","article-title":"Pivotal, Randomized, Parallel Evaluation of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2\/Absorbable Collagen Sponge and Autogenous Bone Graft for Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation","volume":"67","author":"Triplett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2006.03.004","article-title":"Maxillary Sinus Augmentation","volume":"50","author":"Tiwana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Review of Selected Treatment Modalities","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"6691022","article-title":"Application of Recombinant Human BMP-2 with Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Titanium Mesh for Vertical Maxillary Defect Reconstruction Prior to Implant Placement","volume":"2021","author":"Alraei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.09.008","article-title":"Adverse Events Reported After the Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2","volume":"70","author":"Woo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02267.x","article-title":"Pre-operative Measurement of the Volume of Bone Graft in Sinus Lifts Using C Ompu D Ent","volume":"23","author":"Dorado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_236_18","article-title":"Maxillary Sinus Augmentation","volume":"22","author":"Bathla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000460","article-title":"Bone Grafting: Sourcing, Timing, Strategies, and Alternatives","volume":"29","author":"Egol","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200208151-00017","article-title":"Economic Evaluation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Versus Autogenous Iliac Crest Bone Graft in Single-Level Anterior Lumbar Fusion: An Evidence-Based Modeling Approach","volume":"27","author":"Ackerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20031001-12","article-title":"A Cost Analysis of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Versus Autogenous Iliac Crest Bone Graft in Single-Level Anterior Lumbar Fusion","volume":"26","author":"Polly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"On, S.-W., Park, S.-Y., Yi, S.-M., Park, I.-Y., Byun, S.-H., and Yang, B.-E. (2023). Current Status of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in Maxillofacial Surgery: Should It Be Continued?. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10091005"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818ffabe","article-title":"RhBMP-2 Versus Iliac Crest Bone Graft for Lumbar Spine Fusion in Patients Over 60 Years of Age: A Cost-Utility Study","volume":"34","author":"Carreon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.11.027","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Localized Alveolar Ridge and Maxillary Sinus Augmentation","volume":"74","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004646","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Demineralized Bone Matrix and rhBMP-2 versus Autologous Iliac Crest Bone Grafting in Alveolar Cleft Patients","volume":"142","author":"Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000293870.64781.12","article-title":"Reduced Morbidity and Improved Healing with Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 in Older Patients with Alveolar Cleft Defects","volume":"121","author":"Dickinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.Y., An, S.B., Hwang, S.Y., Hwang, G.Y., Lee, H.-L., Park, H.J., Shin, J., Kim, K.N., Wee, S.W., and Yoon, S.L. (2025). Synergistic Enhancement of Spinal Fusion in Preclinical Models Using Low-Dose rhBMP-2 and Stromal Vascular Fraction in an Injectable Hydrogel Composite. Mater. Today Bio, 30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101379"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-Y., Kang, J.-I., Lee, H.-L., Hwang, G.-Y., Kim, K.-N., and Ha, Y. (2023). Concentration-Dependent Efficacy of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Using a HA\/\u03b2-TCP Hydrogel Carrier in a Mini-Pig Vertebral Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010892"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, H.-Z., and Lee, J.H. (2020). The Efficacy of rhBMP-2 Loaded Hydrogel Composite on Bone Formation around Dental Implants in Mandible Bone Defects of Minipigs. Biomater. Res., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-020-0183-9"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000162623.48058.8c","article-title":"Lower Dose of rhBMP-2 Achieves Spine Fusion When Combined With an Osteoconductive Bulking Agent in Non-Human Primates","volume":"30","author":"Barnes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815cde3e","article-title":"Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) in the Treatment of Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis","volume":"32","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s41984-024-00314-4","article-title":"Idiopathic Pyogenic Thoracic and Lumbar Spondylodiscitis: Outcome of Long Segment Fixation","volume":"39","author":"Elnaggar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.11.018","article-title":"BMP Use in the Surgical Treatment of Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis: Is It Safe?","volume":"95","author":"Hunter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., Huang, X., Li, Z., Zhang, G., Yu, H., Wan, Y., Zhou, C., and Zhou, L. (2022). Freeze-Drying Platforms Design for Batch Fabrication of Haversian System Mimicking Scaffolds with Enhanced Osteogenesis. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1013528"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00899-6","article-title":"Neurovascular Coupling in Bone Regeneration","volume":"54","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odgren, P.R., Gartland, A., Mason-Savas, A., and Marks, S.C. (2004). Bone Structure. Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-475570-4\/00217-1"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahl, A.C.E., and Thompson, M.S. (2011). Mechanobiology of Bone. Comprehensive Biotechnology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64046-8.00285-8"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patterson-Kane, J.C., and Firth, E.C. (2014). Tendon, Ligament, Bone, and Cartilage: Anatomy, Physiology, and Adaptations to Exercise and Training. The Athletic Horse, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-0075-8.00022-8"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, M.J. (2014). Biology of Normal Bone. Pathobiology of Human Disease, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386456-7.03101-4"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.01.004","article-title":"Design of a Haversian System-like Gradient Porous Scaffold Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces for Promoting Bone Regeneration","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3561","article-title":"Intracortical Bone Mechanics Are Related to Pore Morphology and Remodeling in Human Bone","volume":"33","author":"Bakalova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-023-00815-5","article-title":"Role of the Peripheral Nervous System in Skeletal Development and Regeneration: Controversies and Clinical Implications","volume":"21","author":"Hassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53491-0.00014-6","article-title":"Autonomic Control of Bone Formation","volume":"Volume 117","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducy, P. (2020). Regulation of Bone Remodeling by Central and Peripheral Nervous Signals. Principles of Bone Biology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814841-9.00034-8"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.02.020","article-title":"Cortical Bone Loss Due to Skeletal Unloading in Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Gene Knockout Mice Is Associated with Decreased PTH Receptor Expression in Osteocytes","volume":"110","author":"Tajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066009","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/6\/066009","article-title":"Patterned and Functionalized Nanofiber Scaffolds in Three-Dimensional Hydrogel Constructs Enhance Neurite Outgrowth and Directional Control","volume":"11","author":"McMurtrey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00343.2009","article-title":"BMP2 Promotes Differentiation of Nitrergic and Catecholaminergic Enteric Neurons through a Smad1-Dependent Pathway","volume":"298","author":"Anitha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2013.06.006","article-title":"BMP2 and GDF5 Induce Neuronal Differentiation through a Smad Dependant Pathway in a Model of Human Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons","volume":"56","author":"Hegarty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashraf, N.S., Sutton, J.R., Yang, Y., Ranxhi, B., Libohova, K., Shaw, E.D., Barget, A.J., Todi, S.V., Paulson, H.L., and Costa, M.D.C. (2020). Druggable Genome Screen Identifies New Regulators of the Abundance and Toxicity of ATXN3, the Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 Disease Protein. Neurobiol. Dis., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104697"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.03.009","article-title":"BMP Signaling in Axon Regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2012.07795.x","article-title":"Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth of Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells and Up-regulates Its Type II Receptor","volume":"122","author":"Benavente","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, H., Ma, Y., Wu, G., Duan, B., Wang, Y., Yuan, Y., and Liu, C. (2019). Multicellularity-Interweaved Bone Regeneration of BMP-2-Loaded Scaffold with Orchestrated Kinetics of Resorption and Osteogenesis. Biomaterials, 216.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.05.027"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0008","article-title":"Nanomaterial Integration into the Scaffolding Materials for Nerve Tissue Engineering: A Review","volume":"31","author":"Arzaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6763","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S436871","article-title":"How Advancing Is Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using Nanofiber Scaffolds? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"260","article-title":"Functionalization Strategies of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Nerve Tissue Engineering","volume":"2","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Fahmy-Garcia, S., Wesdorp, M.A., Kops, N., Forte, L., De Luca, C., Misciagna, M.M., Dolcini, L., Filardo, G., and Labbert\u00e9, M. (2023). Effectiveness of BMP-2 and PDGF-BB Adsorption onto a Collagen\/Collagen-Magnesium-Hydroxyapatite Scaffold in Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Osteochondral Defect Bone Repair: In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Evaluation. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14020111"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Xiao, L., Wang, W., Zhang, D., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., and Wang, X. (2022). The Auxiliary Role of Heparin in Bone Regeneration and Its Application in Bone Substitute Materials. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.837172"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitahara, T., Tateiwa, D., Hirai, H., Ikuta, M., Furuichi, T., Bun, M., Ukon, Y., Kanie, Y., Furuya, M., and Fujimori, T. (2024). rhBMP-2-Loaded Hydroxyapatite\/Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Microsphere\/Hydrogel Composite Promotes Bone Regeneration in a Novel Rat Femoral Nonunion Model. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1461260"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball, J.R., Shelby, T., Hernandez, F., Mayfield, C.K., and Lieberman, J.R. (2023). Delivery of Growth Factors to Enhance Bone Repair. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10111252"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Lee, S.H., Choi, B.S., and Kim, S. (2025). Comparison of Four Bone Substitute Types in Sinus Augmentation with Perforated Schneiderian Membrane: An Experimental Study. J. Periodontol., JPER.24-0663.","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.24-0663"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balaji, D.P., Din\u00e7 Kalayci, P., and Ramkumar, S.S. (2025). Advances in Sports Science and Technology, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003616283"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13424","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.13424","article-title":"Biomechanical Basis for Bone Healing and Osseointegration of Implants in Sinus Grafts","volume":"27","author":"Stacchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Rel. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, N.D., Frig\u00e9rio, P.B., Chica, G.E.A., Okamoto, R., Buchaim, R.L., Buchaim, D.V., Messora, M.R., and Issa, J.P.M. (2025). Biomaterials for Guided Tissue Regeneration and Guided Bone Regeneration: A Review. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13040179"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabozzi, R., Bianchetti, F., Baldi, D., Sanchez, C.Y., Bagnasco, F., and De Angelis, N. (2025). The Effectiveness and Complication Rate of Resorbable Biopolymers in Oral Surgery: A Systematic Review. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13060264"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/16\/9\/313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:35:00Z","timestamp":1760034900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/16\/9\/313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb16090313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb16090313","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}}}