{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:02:46Z","timestamp":1793642566104,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bovine bone-derived xenografts are widely used in regenerative dental procedures due to their osteoconductive properties and volumetric stability. However, their long-term behavior and biological integration remain a subject of debate. This systematic review aims to critically assess the histological and clinical outcomes associated with bovine xenografts over extended follow-up periods. Methods: An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, including studies published in the English language from 2005 to 2025 for a total of 217 records, which were initially identified from PubMed, Scopus, and Wos. Results: After duplicate removal, following title\/abstract screening and full-text evaluation, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies reported on the use of bovine-derived xenografts in clinical contexts, assessing parameters such as graft integration, histological remodeling, complication incidence (e.g., chronic inflammation or foreign body reactions), and implant success rates over time. Conclusions: The current evidence suggests that bovine-derived xenografts, particularly Bio-Oss\u00ae, are associated with favorable long-term outcomes in bone regenerative procedures, demonstrating satisfactory graft integration and implant survival rates. However, variations in study design, follow-up duration, and outcome measures warrant further high-quality, long-term randomized clinical trials to confirm these findings and guide clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16090321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T16:39:01Z","timestamp":1756744741000},"page":"321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Histological and Clinical Evaluation of Long-Term Outcomes of Bovine Bone-Derived Xenografts in Oral Surgery: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo Michele","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan University, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Marinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2882-025X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma","family":"Trilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1197-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Del Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0933-8670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Di Noia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3797-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7144-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Del Fabbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan University, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6366-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio Danilo","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianna","family":"Dipalma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan University, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100297","article-title":"120 Infrabony Defects Treated with Regenerative Therapy: Long-Term Results","volume":"82","author":"Silvestri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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