{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T19:05:59Z","timestamp":1776539159063,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Medical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["503\/1-138-01\/503-51-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-138-01\/503-51-001-19-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for mandibular condyle fractures remains a controversial and challenging issue, with the exception of basal and low-neck fractures. Currently, there is a consensus that fractures causing irreparable malocclusion or dislocation, when the fracture line runs through the base or lower neck of the condyle, require ORIF. Due to the different characteristics of fractures, various surgical approaches and their modifications are available. The use of a minimally invasive intraoral approach during endoscope-assisted procedures is considered safer for the facial nerve and provides good esthetic results without facial scarring. This study aimed to compare two surgical approaches\u2014retromandibular and intraoral\u2014to examine post-operative outcomes and to guide surgical decision-making in the treatment of simple fractures of the base and low-neck condylar process of the mandible. Forty-nine patients (thirteen female, thirty-six male) were analyzed: eighteen were treated with the intraoral approach, and thirty-one with the retromandibular approach. There were no statistical differences in the duration of surgery, but intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in patients treated endoscopically compared with those treated with an extraoral approach. Post-operative facial nerve and TMJ function were comparable in both groups. The endoscope-treated patients were at a higher risk of fracture non-union, but these findings should be considered with connection with the small sample size. The intraoral approach is a valuable option for basal or low-neck fractures but demands significant surgical experience due to its technical complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16100382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T13:41:29Z","timestamp":1760449289000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Endoscope-Assisted or Skin-Approach Osteosynthesis of Mandibular Condylar Fracture\u2014A Comparison"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5558-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Agier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multispecialty Dental Clinic, 106\/116 Ko\u015bciuszko Av., 90-442 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Szczeci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9200-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Kozakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7181\/acfs.2024.0074","article-title":"War-Related Maxillofacial Injuries in Ukraine: A Retrospective Multicenter Study","volume":"26","author":"Prysiazhniuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.5.313","article-title":"The Treatment of Condylar Fractures: To Open or Not to Open? A Critical Review of This Controversy","volume":"5","author":"Valiati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/tjps.tjps_9_19","article-title":"Indications for Transoral Endoscopic-Assisted Methods in Condylar Process Fractures","volume":"28","author":"Akdag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-020-01398-9","article-title":"Endoscopically Assisted Treatment of Condylar Base and Neck Fractures: A Single Institution Analysis of Outcomes and Complications","volume":"20","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.03.005","article-title":"Position Paper from the IBRA Symposium on Surgery of the Head\u2014The 2nd International Symposium for Condylar Fracture Osteosynthesis, Marseille, France 2012","volume":"42","author":"Neff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/1943387520902881","article-title":"Condylar Fractures: An Argument for Conservative Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Vanpoecke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, S.A.L.Y., Raghoebar, I.I., Helmers, R., de Lange, J., and Dubois, L. (2025). Redefining and Identifying Evidence-Based Indications for Open Reduction and Internal Fixation in Mandibular Condylar Fractures: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Evidence Analysis. Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/cmtr18020025"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.10.001","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Long-Term Results after Condylar Head Fractures: A Comparative Study of Non-Surgical Treatment versus Open Reduction and Osteosynthesis","volume":"48","author":"Kolk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Korzon, T. (1966). The Issue of the Advisability of Surgical Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Process Fractures in the Light of Clinical and Experimental Studies. [Ph.D. Thesis, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13497","article-title":"Conservative Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Condylar Fractures: A Systematic Review Conducted According to PRISMA Guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","volume":"50","author":"Minervini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/surgeries5040083","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of Surgical and Conservative Management in Intra-Articular Condylar Fractures: A Retrospective Study","volume":"5","author":"Monarchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surgeries"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16814","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016814","article-title":"Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Mandibular Condylar Fractures: A National Inpatient Sample Analysis, 2005\u20132014","volume":"98","author":"Kuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(00)90047-8","article-title":"Occlusal Results after Open or Closed Treatment of Fractures of the Mandibular Condylar Process","volume":"58","author":"Ellis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(83)90214-8","article-title":"Indications for Open Reduction of Mandibular Condyle Fractures","volume":"41","author":"Zide","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12626","article-title":"Retromandibular Transparotid Approach for Subcondylar Mandibular Fracture: A Retrospective Study","volume":"37","author":"Koirala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agier, P., Kozakiewicz, M., Tyszkiewicz, S., and Gabryelczak, I. (2025). Risk of Permanent Dysfunction of Facial Nerves After Open Rigid Internal Fixation in the Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Process Fracture. Med. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13030121"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_481_21","article-title":"Is the Facial Nerve at Risk Following Surgical Correction of Mandibular Condylar Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Sapna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. J. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2023.04.013","article-title":"Endoscopic-Assisted Intraoral Approach for Mandibular Condyle Fracture Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"136","author":"Alagarsamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agier, P., Kozakiewicz, M., and Szymor, P. (2025). Salivary Fistula as a Complication After the ORIF of a Mandibular Condylar Process Fracture: A Single-Centre Retrospective Study. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16090326"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2015.10.001","article-title":"The Use of the Transparotid Approach for Surgical Treatment of Condylar Fractures\u2014Own Experience","volume":"43","author":"Olszowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Agier, P., Tyszkiewicz, S., and Kozakiewicz, M. (2025). Effectiveness of ORIF Treatment of Condylar Fracture Resulting in TMJ Dysfunction: A Functional Assessment with the Helkimo Index. Dent. J., in press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2013.08.014","article-title":"Postoperative Complications Associated with the Retromandibular Approach: A Retrospective Analysis of 118 Subcondylar Fractures","volume":"72","author":"Bouchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.04.020","article-title":"Open Treatment of Condylar Fractures via Extraoral Approaches: A Review of Complications","volume":"46","author":"Rozeboom","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.12.2023.095","article-title":"Complications of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Mandibular Condyle Fractures in Oman","volume":"24","author":"Bakathir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2017.10.007","article-title":"Complications in the Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Fractures: Surgical versus Conservative Treatment","volume":"216","author":"Poblador","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2021.00731","article-title":"Extraoral versus endoscopic-assisted transoral treatment modalities for mandibular condylar fractures: A current opinion","volume":"48","author":"Anand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.11.003","article-title":"Facial Nerve Injury and Other Complications Following Retromandibular Subparotid Approach for the Management of Condylar Fractures","volume":"76","author":"Bruneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2019.07.001","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"31","author":"Hakim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2009.11.002","article-title":"Endoscopic Techniques in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"22","author":"Pedroletti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moo.0000233593.84175.6e","article-title":"Endoscopic Management of Facial Fractures","volume":"14","author":"Pham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.15644\/asc59\/1\/8","article-title":"Novel Transoral Endoscopic Assisted Minimally Invasive Method for Mandibular Condyle Fractures in Croatia: A Case Presentation and Literature Review","volume":"59","author":"Tarle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e754","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008734","article-title":"Endoscopic-Assisted Intraoral Approach for Osteosynthesis of Mandibular Subcondylar Fractures","volume":"33","author":"Lam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"16","article-title":"Endoscopic-Assisted Approach in the Treatment of Subcondylar Fractures: Our Experience","volume":"44","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cirug. Oral Maxilofac."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014468","article-title":"Endoscope-Assisted Fixation of Condylar Fractures of the Mandible","volume":"2","author":"Schmelzeisen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199810000-00016","article-title":"Endoscopic Subcondylar Fracture Repair: Functional, Aesthetic, and Radiographic Outcomes","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanyura, H., Stopa, Z., and Zmorzy\u0144ski, M. (2006). O.409 Endoscopic-Assisted Intra-Oral Osteosynthesis of Condyle Fractures of the Mandible. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg., 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(06)60431-9"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2018.08.013","article-title":"Outcome of Surgically Treated Fractures of the Condylar Process by an Endoscopic Assisted Transoral Approach","volume":"77","author":"Blumer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1019140","article-title":"Applications of the Endoscope in Facial Fracture Management","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2001.0213","article-title":"Endoscopy-Assisted Open Treatment of Condylar Fractures of the Mandible: Extraoral vs. Intraoral Approach","volume":"31","author":"Gutwald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.09.019","article-title":"Patient Benefit from Endoscopically Assisted Fixation of Condylar Neck Fractures\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"67","author":"Schmelzeisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2015.11.005","article-title":"Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Transoral Endoscope-Assisted Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Fractures","volume":"45","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"12","article-title":"A Review of Endoscopic Surgical Applications in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"5","author":"Fanelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies","volume":"370","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"101","article-title":"Studies on Function and Dysfunction of the Masticatory System. II. Index for Anamnestic and Clinical Dysfunction and Occlusal State","volume":"67","author":"Helkimo","year":"1974","journal-title":"Swed. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988509300202","article-title":"Facial Nerve Grading System","volume":"93","author":"House","year":"1985","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1389559","article-title":"The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Condylar Process Fractures\u2014Level 3 Tutorial","volume":"7","author":"Neff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2459-1","article-title":"Classification Proposal for Fractures of the Processus Condylaris Mandibulae","volume":"23","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Szczeci\u0144ski, D. (2025, August 30). Base of Condylar (Mandible) Process Fracture Endoscopic Reduction and Internal Fixation (Video). YouTube. 31 December 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cJt045xmctE."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M. (2025, August 30). Ostheosyntesis of Mandibular Condyle Base Fracture, Please, Notice: It is Slender Type of Mandibular Condyle (Video). YouTube. 14 June 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zcryFB0HREU."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M. (2025, August 30). Osteosynthesis of Low-Neck Mandibular Condyle Fracture (Video). YouTube. 27 September 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xR3wi3kGU9Q."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2012.11.014","article-title":"Endoscopic Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Fractures in Live Minipigs: Benefits of the Operative Learning Curve","volume":"51","author":"Foletti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.11.019","article-title":"Endoscopically Assisted Reduction and Fixation of Condylar Neck\/Base Fractures\u2014The Learning Curve","volume":"44","author":"Loukota","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2009.08.022","article-title":"Endoscopically Assisted Treatment of Condylar Fractures\u2014Experiences Following an Educational Course","volume":"48","author":"Mannion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cxom.2008.10.003","article-title":"Endoscopically Assisted Management of Mandibular Condylar Fractures","volume":"17","author":"Aziz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000010755","article-title":"Evaluating the Learning Curve and Patient Outcomes in Endoscopically Assisted Craniosynostosis Surgery: A 20-Year Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Chargi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/1943387520949099","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Retromandibular Transparotid and Transoral Endoscopic-Assisted Approach for Surgical Management of Mandibular Subcondylar Fractures","volume":"14","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurer, M., Klaes, T., Fiedler, M., Metzger, M.C., R\u00fccker, M., Schramm, A., and Gander, T. (2024). Patient\u2019s Perception of Outcome after Extracapsular Fractures of the Mandibular Condyle Differs from Objective Evaluation\u2014Experience of a Third-Level Hospital. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051395"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03163-w","article-title":"Longitudinal Study of Risk for Facial Nerve Injury in Mandibular Condyle Fracture Surgery: Marginal Mandibular Branch-Traversing Classification of Percutaneous Approaches","volume":"24","author":"Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242012000200008","article-title":"Urban-Rural Differences in Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma","volume":"26","author":"Batista","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/1943387520910338","article-title":"Comparison of Maxillofacial Trauma Patterns in the Urban Versus Suburban Environment: A Pilot Study","volume":"13","author":"Cohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juncar, M., Tent, P.A., Juncar, R.I., Juncar, R., Popa, A., Onisor, F., Baciut, M., and Baciut, G. (2021). An Epidemiological Analysis of Maxillofacial Fractures: A 10-Year Cross-Sectional Cohort Retrospective Study of 1007 Patients. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01503-5"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2024.03.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of Craniomaxillofacial Fractures over a 5-Year Period at a Midwestern Level 1 Trauma Center Serving a Large Rural Population","volume":"82","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2021.02.032","article-title":"Is Distance between Home and Treatment Site a Risk Factor for Complications after Treating Mandibular Fractures?","volume":"79","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"83","article-title":"Surgical Approaches to Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Mandibular Condylar Fractures","volume":"37","author":"Kanno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2018.12.007","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes of Endoscopic vs. Retromandibular Approach for the Treatment of Condylar Fractures\u2014A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"128","author":"Anehosur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.06.001","article-title":"Clinical Results of Two Different Three-Dimensional Titanium Plates in the Treatment of Condylar Neck and Base Fractures: A Retrospective Study","volume":"48","author":"Burkhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2021.02.019","article-title":"Endoscopic Surgery versus Open Reduction Treatment of Mandibular Condyle Fractures: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3182710393","article-title":"Clinical Comparison between the Retromandibular Approach for Reduction and Fixation and Endoscope-Assisted Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Mandibular Condyle Fractures","volume":"23","author":"Nogami","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e587","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31826bf030","article-title":"Changes in Complete Blood Count in Patients with Surgically Treated Facial Fractures","volume":"23","author":"Milani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"36","article-title":"Changes in Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Levels Following Orthognathic Surgery of the Mandible","volume":"46","author":"Luz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Group Int. Rech. Sci. Stomatol. Odontol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670610013006","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein as a Parameter of Surgical Trauma: CRP Response after Different Types of Surgery in 349 Hip Fractures","volume":"77","author":"Neumaier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-011-0278-x","article-title":"Estimation of C-Reactive Protein Associated with Mandibular Fracture","volume":"11","author":"Kiran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"397","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein Kinetics and Its Predictive Value in Orthopedic (Trauma) Surgery: A Systematic Review","volume":"84","author":"Kruidenier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Belg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.55095\/achot2015\/054","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein in Orthopaedic Surgery","volume":"82","author":"Neumaier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Orthop. Traumatol. Cech."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"35","article-title":"The Changes of C-Reactive Protein in the Patients Associated with Mandibular Fracture","volume":"28","author":"Gwak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-021-01587-0","article-title":"How Far We Have Come with the Management of Condylar Fractures? A Meta-Analysis of Closed Versus Open Versus Endoscopic Management","volume":"21","author":"Bera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"339","article-title":"To Assess the Effectiveness of Endoscopic Management of Condylar Fracture and Compare It with Open Reduction Internal Fixation\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Sahoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Med. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.21608\/omx.2022.105552.1143","article-title":"Endoscopic-Assisted Management of Mandibular Extracapsular Condylar Fractures: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"12","author":"Gad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006480","article-title":"Endoscopically Assisted Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Sub-Condylar Fractures: Debunking Some of the Myths","volume":"31","author":"Frenkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3145","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003145","article-title":"Algorithm for Management of Mandibular Condylar Base Fractures","volume":"8","author":"Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M. (2019). Intraoral Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Process Fractures. Fractures of the Mandibular Condylar Process, PZWL."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e196","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824de328","article-title":"Analysis of Complications Following Endoscopically Assisted Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Fractures","volume":"23","author":"Arcuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1054\/jcms.2002.0297","article-title":"Photoelastic analysis of bone deformation in the region of the mandibular condyle during mastication","volume":"30","author":"Meyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Kessler, W. (1980). Das Spannungsoptische Oberfl\u00e4chenschichtverfahren zur Mechanischen Spannungmessung am Menschlichen Unterkiefer Unter Physiologischer Belastung. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen]."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2020.151616","article-title":"Clinico-anatomical classification of the processus condylaris mandibulae for traumatological purposes","volume":"234","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-014-0644-6","article-title":"Comparison between Two Techniques for the Treatment of Mandibular Subcondylar Fractures: Closed Treatment Technique and Transoral Endoscopic-Assisted Open Reduction","volume":"14","author":"Khiabani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Gossous, Z., Luqman, U., Cypriano, R., Aquilina, P., Shah, I., Thieringer, F.M., and Buchbinder, D. (2025). ORIF, One\/Two Plate(s)\u2014Endoscopically Assisted. Condylar Process and Head\u2014Simple and Complex. AO Foundation CMF Surgical Reference\u2014Mandible: Condylar Process and Head, AO Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/surgeryreference.aofoundation.org\/cmf\/trauma\/mandible\/condylar-process-and-head-simple-and-complex\/orif-endoscopically-assisted."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonanthaya, K., Panneerselvam, E., Manuel, S., Kumar, V.V., and Rai, A. (2021). Intraoral Endoscopic Approach for Treatment of Condylar Fractures of the Mandible. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1346-6"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2022.09.003","article-title":"Nonendoscopic Intraoral Approach for Condylar Fracture Management\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"135","author":"Alagarsamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M. (2025). Three-Axis Plate for Open Rigid Internal Fixation of Base Fracture of Mandibular Condyle. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16050186"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M., Okulski, J., Krasowski, M., Konieczny, B., and Zieli\u0144ski, R. (2023). Which of 51 Plate Designs Can Most Stably Fixate the Fragments in a Fracture of the Mandibular Condyle Base?. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134508"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/78913","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Newly Introduced Plates for Mandibular Condyle Neck Fracture Treatment by Open Reduction and Rigid Fixation","volume":"54","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"71","article-title":"Efficacy of Delta Plate in Condylar Fracture: A Case Series with Review","volume":"24","author":"Sarkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"e15537","article-title":"Evaluation of 3D Trapezoidal Plates in Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Subcondylar Fractures of Mandible: A Clinical Trial","volume":"13","author":"Palani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2021.01.026","article-title":"Comparison between 3D Delta Plate and Conventional Miniplate in Treatment of Condylar Fracture: A Randomised Clinical Trial","volume":"49","author":"Ganguly","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okulski, J., Kozakiewicz, M., Krasowski, M., Zieli\u0144ski, R., and Wach, T. (2023). Which of the 37 Plates Is the Most Mechanically Appropriate for a Low-Neck Fracture of the Mandibular Condyle? A Strength Testing. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216705"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"126","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of Three Kinds of Rigid Internal Fixation Methods for Condylar Head Fractures","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"West China J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M., Agier, P., and Pruszy\u0144ska, P. (2025). The Plate Breakage After Mandibular Condylar Fracture Osteosynthesis. Preprints, 2025090787.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.0787.v1"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2025.01.029","article-title":"Treatment of Mandibular Condyle Fractures with a Rhombic 3D Condylar Fracture Plate\u2014Does the Surgical Approach Matter?","volume":"53","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2025.05.014","article-title":"A New Method of Transoral Endoscopic-Assisted Treatment for Mandibular Subcondylar Fractures Using a Template-Guided Patient-Specific Osteosynthesis Implant: The Ulm Protocol","volume":"53","author":"Sakkas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-025-01338-2","article-title":"Primary Surgery of Subcondylar Mandibular Fracture Using Patient-Specific Implant: The Helsinki Protocol","volume":"29","author":"Saloniemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2020.08.018","article-title":"Application of CAD\/CAM Technology for Surgical Treatment of Condylar Head Fractures: A Preliminary Study","volume":"10","author":"Pavlychuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0900-5","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Surgery for Mandibular Angle Split Osteotomy Using Augmented Reality: Preliminary Results on Clinical Animal Experiment","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Z., Tian, H., Vercauteren, T., Liu, D., Li, C., and Duan, X. (2024). Collaborative Human-Robot Surgery for Mandibular Angle Split Osteotomy: Optical Tracking-Based Approach. Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 93.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106173"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/16\/10\/382\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:22:55Z","timestamp":1760588575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/16\/10\/382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb16100382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb16100382","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]}}}