{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:21:15Z","timestamp":1778037675823,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["111-2314-B-038-021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2314-B-038-021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["114-2314-B-038-052-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-038-052-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMU113-AE1-B07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMU113-AE1-B07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["113TMU-SHH-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113TMU-SHH-15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zirconia is widely used for customized implant abutments owing to its esthetics, strength, and biocompatibility; however, the optimal surface modification for soft-tissue sealing and bone metabolic remains uncertain. This study evaluated how glass\u2013ceramic spray deposition (GCSD), with or without handheld nonthermal plasma (HNP), alters zirconia surface physiochemistry and cellular responses. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy\/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, surface roughness (Ra), wettability, and surface free energy (SFE) were measured. Human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) were used to assess attachment and spreading, metabolic activity, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory response (tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, TNF-\u03b1) (\u03b1 = 0.05). GCSD produced an interlaced rod- and needle-like glass\u2013ceramic layer, significantly increasing Ra and hydrophilicity. HNP further reduced surface contaminants, increased SFE, and enhanced wettability. The combination of GCSD and HNP yielded the greatest attachment and spreading for both cell types, without increases in cytotoxicity or TNF-\u03b1. GCSD with HNP creates a hydrophilic, micro-textured, chemically activated zirconia surface that maintains biocompatibility while promoting early attachment and bone metabolic activity, supporting its application for zirconia implant abutments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16110421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:33:17Z","timestamp":1762907597000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Handheld Nonthermal Plasma Augmentation of Glass\u2013Ceramic Spray Deposition on Zirconia Surface Characterization and MG-63\/HGF-1 Cell Behavior: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Han","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2258-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Yu","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8451-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Ta","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7057-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Mine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huei-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7168-9429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu-Yu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2013.09.001","article-title":"Current status of zirconia restoration","volume":"57","author":"Takashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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