{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:56:02Z","timestamp":1767189362256,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of five preventive treatments on bovine enamel after artificial caries challenge. Sixty sound bovine incisors were randomly distributed into six experimental groups (n = 10). Each group received the following daily preventive treatments for two weeks during pH cycling to assess remineralization efficacy: Group 1\u2014no treatment (control), Group 2\u2014CPP-ACPF treatment, Group 3\u2014fluoride-containing bioactive glass treatment (BioMin\u2122F), Group 4\u2014SnF2 treatment, Group 5\u2014toothpaste containing fluoride and hydroxyapatite (HA), and Group 6\u2014toothpaste containing HA. Surface hardness changes were evaluated using a nanoindentation tester. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe changes in surface morphology, and the mineral composition of enamel in each group was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Groups 2, 3 and 6 exhibited the highest surface hardness values after pH cycling, with no statistically significant differences among them (p &gt; 0.05), whereas groups 4 and 5 presented significantly lower values (p &lt; 0.05). Although all treatments demonstrated significant remineralization potential\u2014resulting in an 18.7\u201335.2% increase in surface hardness\u2014none of them fully restored the hardness loss caused by demineralization. SEM observations revealed precipitations mainly in groups 2\u20134 after the treatments. EDS showed a similar elemental composition on enamel across the groups with no differences compared to the control. Additionally, line scans of the Ca and P content from the surface to the deeper layers resulted higher values in the tested groups compared to the control corresponding to the surface hardness values. The tested remineralizing treatments may be useful to limit the demineralizing effect during caries formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T23:52:27Z","timestamp":1766706747000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Assessment of the Remineralization Potential of Five Modern Oral Health Products on Bovine Enamel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aggeliki","family":"Lampousi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Dionysopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2645-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razia Z.","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-1112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyros","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Panepistimioupolis Egaleo Park, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1452-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosmas","family":"Tolidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Queen Mary University of London, LondonE1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butera, A., Gallo, S., Pascadopoli, M., Montasser, M.A., El Latief, M.H.A., Modica, G.G., and Scribante, A. 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