{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:50:55Z","timestamp":1768902655089,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006568","name":"Toagosei Co., Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006568","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)\u2014the most abundant catechin in green tea\u2014is a promising component of advanced composite biomaterials. The pharmacological activity of EGCG is typically attenuated upon thermal processing, although the exact effects of heating free and modified EGCG in air and vacuum are unknown. To bridge this gap, we herein examined the effects of heating free and modified (in gelatin containing beta-tricalcium phosphate granules) EGCG in vacuum and air (100\u2013220 \u00b0C, 1\u201316 h) on its physicochemical and antioxidant properties using water and ethanol solubility measurements, discoloration and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2\u2032-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of EGCG-modified gelatin sponges was assessed in vitro using the DPPH assay and in vivo using a calvarial bone defect model in eight-week-old male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. Free and modified EGCG showed antioxidant activities, which were largely retained after heating in vacuum at 150 \u00b0C. These findings show that appropriate heating procedures preserve the antioxidant activity of EGCG and provide insights for the development of EGCG-based biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:50:42Z","timestamp":1766969442000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physicochemical and Antioxidant Alterations of Modified and Free Epigallocatechin Gallate Under Thermal Treatment in Air and Vacuum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lianjing","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3778-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masato","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4518-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-ichiro","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomonari","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4392-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshitomo","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(92)90041-F","article-title":"Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry","volume":"21","author":"Graham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3312","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Green Tea Polyphenols after Multiple-Dose Administration of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Polyphenon E in Healthy Individuals","volume":"9","author":"Chow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, October 28). Asia Pacific Green Tea Market by Container Type (Plastic Bottles, Cans, and Others), Product Type (Flavoured and Unflavoured), and Region-Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecasts (2025 to 2033). Available online: https:\/\/www.marketdataforecast.com\/market-reports\/asia-pacific-green-tea-market."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.63.1621","article-title":"Radical Scavenging Activity of Tea Catechins and Their Related Compounds","volume":"63","author":"Nanjo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.012","article-title":"Green tea derivative (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) confers protection against ionizing radiation-induced intestinal epithelial cell death both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"161","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmt128","article-title":"EGCG attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production in LPS-stimulated L02 hepatocyte","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01353","article-title":"EGCG Induces Pro-inflammatory Response in Macrophages to Prevent Bacterial Infection through the 67LR\/p38\/JNK Signaling Pathway","volume":"69","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690390826464","article-title":"Tea Catechins and Polyphenols: Health Effects, Metabolism, and Antioxidant Functions","volume":"43","author":"Higdon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27988","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226081","article-title":"Application of Green Tea Catechin for Inducing the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dedifferentiated Fat Cells in Vitro","volume":"16","author":"Kaida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123272","article-title":"A protective growth factor delivery strategy based on polyphenol-protein self-assembly to promote inflammatory bone regeneration","volume":"320","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515577814","article-title":"Nrf2 Activation Attenuates Both Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Relapse","volume":"94","author":"Kanzaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0730338","article-title":"Reaction Kinetics of Degradation and Epimerization of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) in Aqueous System over a Wide Temperature Range","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"213","article-title":"Change in the Radical-Scavenging Activity of Quercetin and Epigallocatechin Gallate during Heat Treatment","volume":"55","author":"Murakami","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Home Econ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.07.007","article-title":"Photodegradation of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in topical cream formulations and its photostabilization","volume":"56","author":"Bianchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(01)00230-6","article-title":"Kinetic analysis and mechanistic aspects of autoxidation of catechins","volume":"1569","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1021\/jf000877h","article-title":"Degradation of Green Tea Catechins in Tea Drinks","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.05.021","article-title":"Evaluation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) cross-linked collagen membranes and concerns on osteoblasts","volume":"67","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elder, S., Clune, J., Walker, J., and Gloth, P. (2017). Suitability of EGCG as a Means of Stabilizing a Porcine Osteochondral Xenograft. J. Funct. Biomater., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb8040043"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b00802","article-title":"Plant Flavonoid-Mediated Multifunctional Surface Modification Chemistry: Catechin Coating for Enhanced Osteogenesis of Human Stem Cells","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honda, Y., Takeda, Y., Li, P., Huang, A., Sasayama, S., Hara, E., Uemura, N., Ueda, M., Hashimoto, M., and Arita, K. (2018). Epigallocatechin Gallate-Modified Gelatin Sponges Treated by Vacuum Heating as a Novel Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040876"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-V\u00e1squez, M.J., Plascencia-Jatomea, M., S\u00e1nchez-Valdes, S., Tanori-C\u00f3rdova, J.C., Castillo-Ya\u00f1ez, F.J., Quintero-Reyes, I.E., and Graciano-Verdugo, A.Z. (2021). Characterization of Epigallocatechin-Gallate-Grafted Chitosan Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091375"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208968","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202208968","article-title":"A Multifunctional Coating Strategy for Promotion of Immunomodulatory and Osteo\/Angio-Genic Activity","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safwat, M.A., Kandil, B.A., Elblbesy, M.A., Soliman, G.M., and Eleraky, N.E. (2020). Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles: Preparation and Evaluation of Anticancer Efficacy in Ehrlich Tumor-Bearing Mice. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13090254"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jciso.2023.100074","article-title":"Protein corona formation on epigallocatechin gallate-Au nanoparticles suppressed tumor accumulation","volume":"9","author":"Wakayama","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCIS Open"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"396","article-title":"Chemical bonding of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate to the surface of nano-hydroxyapatite to enhance its biological activity for anti-osteosarcoma","volume":"4","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48775","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05743","article-title":"Moist Heat Synthesis of Magnetic EGCG-Capped\u03b1-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles and Their In Vitro and In Silico Interactions with Pristine HSA- and NDM-1-Producing Bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miu, B.A., Stan, M.S., Mernea, M., Dinischiotu, A., and Voinea, I.C. (2024). Pure Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-Assisted Green Synthesis of Highly Stable Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17020275"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10420","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-019-03604-7","article-title":"Synergistic antioxidant activity and anticancer effect of green tea catechin stabilized on nanoscale cyclodextrin-based metal\u2013organic frameworks","volume":"54","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2016.1228718","article-title":"Skin delivery of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and hyaluronic acid loaded nano-transfersomes for antioxidant and anti-aging effects in UV radiation induced skin damage","volume":"24","author":"Avadhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08979","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Gel-Based Microneedle Patches for Prolonged and Intelligent Psoriasis Management","volume":"17","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200276","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202200276","article-title":"A Senomorphic-Conjugated Scaffold for Application of Senescent Cells in Regenerative Medicine","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, B., Honda, Y., Yamada, Y., Tanaka, T., Takeda, Y., Nambu, T., and Baba, S. (2022). Utility of Thermal Cross-Linking in Stabilizing Hydrogels with Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate and\/or Epigallocatechin Gallate for Use in Bone Regeneration Therapy. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14010040"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.126872","article-title":"EGCG\/Zn coating on titanium implants by one-step hydrothermal method for improving anticorrosion, antibacterial and osteogenesis properties","volume":"292","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.11.019","article-title":"Color and chemical stability of tea polyphenol (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in solution and solid states","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8941","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071645m","article-title":"Catechin Degradation with Concurrent Formation of Homo- and Heterocatechin Dimers during in Vitro Digestion","volume":"55","author":"Neilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15905.x","article-title":"Degradation Kinetics of (\u2212)-Epigallocatechin Gallate as a Function of pH and Dissolved Oxygen in a Liquid Model System","volume":"64","author":"Zimeri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12531","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304116s","article-title":"Kinetic Study of Catechin Stability: Effects of pH, Concentration, and Temperature","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1021\/tx000080k","article-title":"Antioxidant Chemistry of Green Tea Catechins. New Oxidation Products of (\u2212)-Epigallocatechin Gallate and (\u2212)-Epigallocatechin from Their Reactions with Peroxyl Radicals","volume":"13","author":"Valcic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markel, D.C., Bou-Akl, T., Wu, B., Pawlitz, P., Yu, X., Chen, L., Shi, T., and Ren, W. (2025). In Vivo Cell Migration and Growth Within Electrospun Porous Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Different Pore Sizes in a Mouse Pouch Model. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16050181"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.66.123","article-title":"Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants","volume":"66","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.04.056","article-title":"Production of monodisperse epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) microparticles by spray drying for high antioxidant activity retention","volume":"413","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00218-6","article-title":"Calcium phosphate apatites with variable Ca\/P atomic ratio I. Synthesis, characterisation and thermal stability of powders","volume":"23","author":"Raynaud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.09.038","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic study of acid soluble collagen and gelatin from skins and bones of young and adult Nile perch (Lates niloticus)","volume":"86","author":"Muyonga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000518953","article-title":"Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Complexes by Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Particles and Stimulation of Immune Cell Migration in vivo","volume":"14","author":"Maruyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S193192","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma inhibition by \u03b2-TCP nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Honda, Y., Zhao, J., Morikuni, H., Nishiura, A., Hashimoto, Y., and Matsumoto, N. (2021). Enhancement of Bone-Forming Ability on Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate by Modulating Cellular Senescence Mechanisms Using Senolytics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212415"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7571","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0512656","article-title":"A Novel Black Tea Pigment and Two New Oxidation Products of Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate","volume":"53","author":"Tanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6039","DOI":"10.1021\/ie400113t","article-title":"Model Comparison for the Prediction of the Solubility of Green Tea Catechins in Ethanol\/Water Mixtures","volume":"52","author":"Sevillano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, F., Tzeli, D., Jones, N.C., Hoffmann, S.V., and Raposo, M. (2025). Electronic States of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Water and in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1\u2032-rac-glycerol) (Sodium Salt) Liposomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031084"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J. (2025). Using UV\u2013Vis Titration to Elucidate Novel Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG)-Induced Binding of the c-MYC G-Quadruplex. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050719"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67196","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA02131J","article-title":"Reduction of hexavalent chromium using epigallocatechin gallate in aqueous solutions: Kinetics and mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8198","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.911175","article-title":"Epigallocatechin Gallate Is the Most Effective Catechin Against Antioxidant Stress via Hydrogen Peroxide and Radical Scavenging Activity","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"251","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of galloyl moiety in epigallocatechin gallate for gelation of gelatin","volume":"54","author":"Honda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Osaka Dent. Univ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Le, T., Wang, W.-W., Yin, J.-F., and Jiang, H.-Y. (2023). The Effects of Structure and Oxidative Polymerization on Antioxidant Activity of Catechins and Polymers. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12234207"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.105196","article-title":"Influence of Maillard reaction and temperature on functional, structure and bioactive properties of fish gelatin films","volume":"97","author":"Kchaou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0568","article-title":"A Novel Gelatin Hydrogel Carrier Sheet for Corneal Endothelial Transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2010.08.004","article-title":"Chemical and thermal cross-linking of collagen and elastin hydrolysates","volume":"47","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2009.0754","article-title":"Dehydrothermal Crosslinking of Electrospun Collagen","volume":"17","author":"Drexler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM01246F","article-title":"Advances in crosslinking strategies of biomedical hydrogels","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2019.102730","article-title":"Human macrophages and osteoclasts resorb \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate in vitro but not mouse macrophages","volume":"125","author":"Arbez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(02)00032-2","article-title":"Effect of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on respiratory burst of rat macrophages","volume":"2","author":"Leiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4634","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3427","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells via modulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB) signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Hossen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/1\/18\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T05:14:33Z","timestamp":1767244473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/1\/18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17010018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17010018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]}}}