{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T15:02:19Z","timestamp":1767193339159,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2622-B-002-009-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2622-B-002-009-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a widespread condition that causes hearing impairment, particularly in pediatric populations. Existing non-absorbable tubes often require elective or unplanned removal surgery. Bioabsorbable polylactic acid (PLA) offers a promising alternative due to its inherent biocompatibility and tunable degradation characteristics. In this study, we designed, fabricated, and comprehensively evaluated a novel PLA middle-ear ventilation tube. Methods: Bioabsorbable PLA tubes were designed and fabricated based on commercial models. In vitro biocompatibility was assessed according to ISO 10993 guidelines. A guinea pig model was used to perform in vivo evaluations, including otoscopic examinations, auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging, and histological analyses. Results: The PLA tubes were successfully designed and fabricated, exhibiting dimensions comparable to those of commercially available products. In vitro testing confirmed their biocompatibility. In vivo observations revealed that the PLA segments remained stable, with no significant inflammation detected. ABR measurements revealed no adverse impacts on hearing function. Micro-CT imaging confirmed tube integrity and indicated initial signs of degradation over a 9-month period, as evidenced by radiographic morphology. Histological analyses indicated a favorable tissue response with minimal foreign body reaction. Conclusions: The developed PLA middle-ear ventilation tube represents a highly promising alternative to conventional non-absorbable tubes. It demonstrates excellent biocompatibility, preserves auditory function, and exhibits a controlled degradation profile. This preclinical study provides strong support for further investigation and subsequent clinical trials to validate its safety and efficacy in human patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:33:25Z","timestamp":1767191605000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Bioabsorbable Polylactic Acid Middle Ear Ventilation Tube"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ying-Chang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-2868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Chieh","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping-Tun","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SG Biomedical Co., Ltd., Hsinchu County 303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hsing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SG Biomedical Co., Ltd., Hsinchu County 303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsuan-Hsuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SG Biomedical Co., Ltd., Hsinchu County 303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiung-Ju","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SG Biomedical Co., Ltd., Hsinchu County 303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6771-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien-Chen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Hui","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5047-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen-Chi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu County 302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2017.11.009","article-title":"International consensus (ICON) on management of otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"135","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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