{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:16:44Z","timestamp":1788585404252,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tympanic membrane (TM) perforations, arising from infections, injuries, or chronic otitis media, remain a frequent clinical finding and can lead to hearing problems when the tissue does not regenerate adequately. Although autologous grafts are still the standard option for repairing persistent defects, they come with well-known limitations. Beyond the need for additional harvesting procedures, these grafts rarely reproduce the intricate, fibrous layering of the native TM, which can compromise sound transmission after healing. In search of alternatives, fibre-based scaffolds have attracted considerable interest. The primary advantage of this material is the level of structural control it affords. The fibre orientation, porosity, and overall microarchitecture can be adjusted to replicate the organisation and mechanical behaviour of the natural membrane. A range of biocompatible polymers\u2014among them silk fibroin, poly(\u03b5-caprolactone), poly(lactic acid), and poly(vinyl alcohol) and their composites\u2014provide options for tuning stiffness, degradation rates, and interactions with cells, making them suitable building blocks for TM repair constructs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary fabrication methodologies, namely electrospinning, additive manufacturing, melt electrowriting, and hybrid strategies. In addition, it offers a detailed discussion of the evaluation procedures employed for these scaffolds and discusses how scaffold structure affects later performance. Mechanical testing, microstructural imaging, and in vitro biocompatibility assays help to determine how closely a construct can approach the performance of the native tissue. Bringing these elements together may support the gradual translation of fibre-based TM scaffolds into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1769009506000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fibrous Biomaterial Scaffold for Tympanic Membrane Repair: Microarchitectural Engineering and Structure Function Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1142-8454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3835-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chokri","family":"Cherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5405-0981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"W\u00f6ltje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gentil, F., Jorge, R.N., Ferreira, A., Parente, M., Moreira, M., and Almeida, E. (2005, January 5\u20138). Biomechanical Study of Middle Ear. Proceedings of the VIII International Conference on Computational Plasticity, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ugarteburu, M., Withnell, R.H., Cardoso, L., Carriero, A., and Richter, C.-P. (2022). Mammalian Middle Ear Mechanics: A Review. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.983510"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90829-9","article-title":"Superhuman Spatial Hearing Technology for Ultrasonic Frequencies","volume":"11","author":"Pulkki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundar, P.S., Chowdhury, C., and Kamarthi, S. (2021). Evaluation of Human Ear Anatomy and Functionality by Axiomatic Design. Biomimetics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics6020031"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201200186","article-title":"Investigation of the Human Tympanic Membrane Oscillation Ex Vivo by Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"7","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.12.023","article-title":"Biomechanics of the Tympanic Membrane","volume":"44","author":"Volandri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ars, B. (2008). Chronic Otitis Media: Pathogenesis-Oriented Therapeutic Management, Kugler Publications."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/3\/019","article-title":"In Vivo Areal Modulus of Elasticity Estimation of the Human Tympanic Membrane System: Modelling of Middle Ear Mechanical Function in Normal Young and Aged Ears","volume":"52","author":"Gaihede","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ABME.0000030260.22737.53","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Human Ear for Sound Transmission","volume":"32","author":"Gan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02593-6","article-title":"Comparison of Fetal and Adult Tympanic Membrane Sizes: A Cadaveric Study","volume":"43","author":"Beger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.12.002","article-title":"On the Connection between the Tympanic Membrane and the Malleus","volume":"340","author":"Goyens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487009181875","article-title":"Human Tympanic Membrane","volume":"70","author":"Lim","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.14085","article-title":"A Narrative Review of the Management of Pars Flaccida Tympanic Membrane Retractions without Cholesteatoma","volume":"48","author":"Bateman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.03.030","article-title":"Effects of the Fibers Distribution in the Human Eardrum: A Biomechanical Study","volume":"49","author":"Gentil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.01.020","article-title":"Morphology of the Human Tympanic Membrane Annulus","volume":"142","author":"Kassem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2012.0389","article-title":"Tissue Engineering of the Tympanic Membrane","volume":"19","author":"Teh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B-Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-006-9227-0","article-title":"Viscoelastic Properties of Human Tympanic Membrane","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ur\u00edk, M., Tedla, M., and Hurn\u00edk, P. (2021). Pathogenesis of Retraction Pocket of the Tympanic Membrane\u2014A Narrative Review. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57050425"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181c0e621","article-title":"Collagen Type Distribution in the Healthy Human Tympanic Membrane","volume":"30","author":"Knutsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4081\/audiores.2015.117","article-title":"Outlook for Tissue Engineering of the Tympanic Membrane","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.797","article-title":"Evaluation of Acoustic Changes in and the Healing Outcomes of Rat Eardrums with Pars Tensa and Pars Flaccida Perforations","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4773263","article-title":"Wave Motion on the Surface of the Human Tympanic Membrane: Holographic Measurement and Modeling Analysis","volume":"133","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2020.0176","article-title":"Can Tissue Engineering Bring Hope to the Development of Human Tympanic Membrane?","volume":"27","author":"Aleemardani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.11.011","article-title":"Effects of Model Definitions and Parameter Values in Finite Element Modeling of Human Middle Ear Mechanics","volume":"344","author":"Pires","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s40870-015-0041-3","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of a Human Eardrum at High Strain Rates After Exposure to Blast Waves","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Behav. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107813","article-title":"Recovery from Tympanic Membrane Perforation: Effects on Membrane Thickness, Auditory Thresholds, and Middle Ear Transmission","volume":"384","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20392","article-title":"Details of Human Middle Ear Morphology Based on Micro-CT Imaging of Phosphotungstic Acid Stained Samples","volume":"276","author":"Buytaert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e256","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000004132","article-title":"In Vivo Thickness of the Healthy Tympanic Membrane Determined by Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"45","author":"Morgenstern","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20183693","article-title":"Hearing Loss in Tympanic Membrane Perforations: An Analytic Study","volume":"4","author":"Herkal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v52i1.7","article-title":"Traumatic Tympanic Membrane Perforations: Characteristics and Factors Affecting Outcome","volume":"52","author":"Sogebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ghana Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). World Report on Hearing."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-07078-9","article-title":"The Impact of Tympanic Membrane Perforations on Middle Ear Transfer Function","volume":"279","author":"Bevis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032004","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/abcf5d","article-title":"Necessities, Opportunities, and Challenges for Tympanic Membrane Perforation Scaffolding-Based Bioengineering","volume":"16","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-07186-6","article-title":"Tympanic Membrane Perforations: The Importance of Etiology, Size and Location","volume":"279","author":"Castelhano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-011-0129-6","article-title":"Preeti Evaluation of Hearing Loss in Tympanic Membrane Perforation","volume":"63","author":"Pannu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215109992763","article-title":"Acquired Cholesteatoma Pathogenesis: Stepwise Explanations","volume":"124","author":"Louw","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2005.08.021","article-title":"Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: A Review","volume":"70","author":"Verhoeff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-023-04256-5","article-title":"Risk Factors for Chronic and Recurrent Otitis Media in Children: A Review Article","volume":"76","author":"Assiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.10.007","article-title":"Animal Models of Chronic Tympanic Membrane Perforation: A \u2018Time-out\u2019 to Review Evidence and Standardize Design","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)30467-9","article-title":"Tympanic Membrane Wound Healing: An Overview","volume":"28","author":"Gladstone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20998","article-title":"Histology of the Healing Tympanic Membrane Following Perforation in Rats","volume":"120","author":"Redmond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00715-1","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Wound Healing","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488509108589","article-title":"Histology of the Tympanic Perforation and the Replacement Membrane","volume":"100","author":"Yamashita","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989210600127","article-title":"An Animal Model of Chronic Tympanic Membrane Perforation","volume":"106","author":"Amoils","year":"1992","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.191","article-title":"Comparing Myringoplasty to Type I Tympanoplasty in Tympanic Membrane Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"168","author":"Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2020.09.010","article-title":"Endoscopic Myringoplasty and Type I Tympanoplasty","volume":"54","author":"Schwam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-012-0534-5","article-title":"A Review on the History of Tympanoplasty","volume":"65","author":"Sarkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonali, M., Presutti, L., and Marchioni, D. (2021). Myringoplasty. Comparative Atlas of Endoscopic Ear Surgery: Training Techniques Based on an Ovine Model, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-47005-0"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215112001661","article-title":"Utilising Silk Fibroin Membranes as Scaffolds for the Growth of Tympanic Membrane Keratinocytes, and Application to Myringoplasty Surgery","volume":"127","author":"Levin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28914","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Nonautologous Graft Materials Used in Human Tympanoplasty","volume":"131","author":"Ghanad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svistushkin, M., Kotova, S., Zolotova, A., Fayzullin, A., Antoshin, A., Serejnikova, N., Shekhter, A., Voloshin, S., Giliazova, A., and Istranova, E. (2024). Collagen Matrix to Restore the Tympanic Membrane: Developing a Novel Platform to Treat Perforations. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16020248"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-59980300124-4","article-title":"Paper Patching for Chronic Tympanic Membrane Perforations","volume":"128","author":"Golz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-07185-7","article-title":"To Patch or Not to Patch Acute Isolated Traumatic Tympanic Membrane Perforations: A Case Series and Systematic Literature Review","volume":"279","author":"Duek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.01.003","article-title":"Comparison of Paper-Patch, Fat, and Perichondrium Myringoplasty in Repair of Small Tympanic Membrane Perforations","volume":"138","author":"Dursun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2009.0476","article-title":"Tympanic Membrane Regeneration Using a Water-Soluble Chitosan Patch","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.7324\/JABB.2022.100321","article-title":"Techniques in Scaffold Fabrication Process for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/1616-5195(20020201)2:2<67::AID-MABI67>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Scaffold Design for Tissue Engineering","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, M.S.B., Ponnamma, D., Choudhary, R., and Sadasivuni, K.K. (2021). A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071105"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew, A.P., Augustine, R., Kalarikal, N., and Thomas, S. (2016). Tissue Engineering: Principles, Recent Trends, and the Future. Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, Apple Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b19867-3"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.07.017","article-title":"Comparative Acoustic Performance and Mechanical Properties of Silk Membranes for the Repair of Chronic Tympanic Membrane Perforations","volume":"64","author":"Allardyce","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM01815A","article-title":"Development of Electrospun, Biomimetic Tympanic Membrane Implants with Tunable Mechanical and Oscillatory Properties for Myringoplasty","volume":"10","author":"Benecke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185401","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aab93f","article-title":"An Assessment of a Conical Horn Waveguide to Represent the Human Eardrum","volume":"51","author":"Fields","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002082","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202002082","article-title":"Mimicking the Human Tympanic Membrane: The Significance of Scaffold Geometry","volume":"10","author":"Anand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0263-1","article-title":"\u03921 Integrin Signaling in Asymmetric Migration of Keratinocytes under Mechanical Stretch in a Co-Cultured Wound Repair Model","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.006","article-title":"A Hierarchy of Proliferative and Migratory Keratinocytes Maintains the Tympanic Membrane","volume":"28","author":"Frumm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Ebrahimian, A., and Maftoon, N. (2021). Stochastic Finite Element Modelling of Human Middle-Ear. CMBES Proc., 44."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2012.08.023","article-title":"Modeling Sound Transmission of Human Middle Ear and Its Clinical Applications Using Finite Element Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjotol.indianjotol_42_22","article-title":"Application of Finite Element Model of Middle Ear in the Study of the Middle Ear Biomechanics in Normal and Diseased States","volume":"29","author":"Parveen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Otol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2024.102803","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis and Its Application in Orthopaedics: A Narrative Review","volume":"58","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2023.02.003","article-title":"A Review of the Characterizations of Soft Tissues Used in Human Body Modeling: Scope, Limitations, and the Path Forward","volume":"32","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Tissue Viability"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105699","article-title":"Multi-Fidelity Surrogate Modeling through Hybrid Machine Learning for Biomechanical and Finite Element Analysis of Soft Tissues","volume":"148","author":"Sajjadinia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19743","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603898104","article-title":"The Discordant Eardrum","volume":"103","author":"Fay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290602","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/290602","article-title":"Polymeric Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering Application: A Review","volume":"2011","author":"Dhandayuthapani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489009122519","article-title":"Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane with a Microtension Tester","volume":"110","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2010.0520","article-title":"Indentation Versus Tensile Measurements of Young\u2019s Modulus for Soft Biological Tissues","volume":"17","author":"McKee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32210","article-title":"Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Surfaces Control Bone Marrow Derived Cells Adhesion and Proliferation","volume":"91A","author":"Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1021\/jz402762h","article-title":"Definitions for Hydrophilicity, Hydrophobicity, and Superhydrophobicity: Getting the Basics Right","volume":"5","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120366","article-title":"Reorganization of Substratum-Bound Fibronectin on Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Materials Is Related to Biocompatibility","volume":"5","author":"Altankov","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33547","article-title":"Polymeric Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Literature Review","volume":"105","author":"Jafari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, M., Cirisano, F., and Mor\u00e1n, M.C. (2019). Mammalian Cell Behavior on Hydrophobic Substrates: Influence of Surface Properties. Colloids Interfaces, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids3020048"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"16","article-title":"Cell\u2013Scaffold Interactions in Tissue Engineering for Oral and Craniofacial Reconstruction","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1421","article-title":"Porous Scaffold Design for Tissue Engineering","volume":"4","author":"Hollister","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinal, L. (2012). Porosity and Its Measurement. Characterization of Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471266965.com129"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.11.015","article-title":"Development and Optimization of Porosity Measurement Techniques","volume":"42","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-008-9204-5","article-title":"Microstructure Investigation in Unsaturated Soils: A Review with Special Attention to Contribution of Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy","volume":"26","author":"Romero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.0321","article-title":"Small-Diameter Porous Poly (\u03b5-Caprolactone) Films Enhance Adhesion and Growth of Human Cultured Epidermal Keratinocyte and Dermal Fibroblast Cells","volume":"13","author":"McMillan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710600510","article-title":"Auditory Epithelial Migration III: An Immunohistologic Study Using Anti-Brdu Antibody on Tympanic Membrane in Mouse","volume":"106","author":"Kakoi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025005","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/7\/2\/025005","article-title":"Multiscale Fabrication of Biomimetic Scaffolds for Tympanic Membrane Tissue Engineering","volume":"7","author":"Mota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5132950","article-title":"The Chinchilla Animal Model for Hearing Science and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss","volume":"146","author":"Trevino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-021620171932117","article-title":"Animal Models for Hearing Evaluations: A Literature Review","volume":"19","author":"Dalmolin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. CEFAC"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00332-0","article-title":"A Normative Study of Tympanic Membrane Motion in Humans Using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV)","volume":"187","author":"Whittemore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.10.023","article-title":"An International Review of Laser Doppler Vibrometry: Making Light Work of Vibration Measurement","volume":"99","author":"Rothberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31815b0d9f","article-title":"Tympanic Membrane Collagen Fibers: A Key to High-Frequency Sound Conduction","volume":"118","author":"Tam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schyra, P., Aibibu, D., Sundag, B., and Cherif, C. (2025). Chemical Crosslinking of Acid Soluble Collagen Fibres. Biomimetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10100701"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Pou, J., Riveiro, A., and Davim, J.P. (2021). Additive Manufacturing, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay, A., Gualtieri, T., Heer, B., and Bose, S. (2019). Introduction to Additive Manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429466236"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2022.2147350","article-title":"3D Printing Technology and Applied Materials in Eardrum Regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.02.018","article-title":"Advances in Medical Applications of Additive Manufacturing","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2020.01.015","article-title":"A Review of Fabrication Polymer Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications Using Additive Manufacturing Techniques","volume":"40","author":"Detyna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.03.005","article-title":"Design, Fabrication, and in Vitro Testing of Novel Three-Dimensionally Printed Tympanic Membrane Grafts","volume":"340","author":"Kozin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Wagner, W.R., Sakiyama-Elbert, S.E., Zhang, G., and Yaszemski, M.J. (2020). 1.4.6\u2014Medical Fibers and Biotextiles. Biomaterials Science, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, C.S., Ribeiro, A.R.M., Homem, N.C., and Felgueiras, H.P. (2020). Spun Biotextiles in Tissue Engineering and Biomolecules Delivery Systems. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040174"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015007","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aaebda","article-title":"Wet Spinning and Riboflavin Crosslinking of Collagen Type I\/III Filaments","volume":"14","author":"Tonndorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.05.019","article-title":"New Biotextiles for Tissue Engineering: Development, Characterization and in Vitro Cellular Viability","volume":"9","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, M.W., Gupta, B.S., and Guidoin, R. (2013). Biotextiles as Medical Implants, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095602"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8939","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04125-w","article-title":"Bio-Based Materials for Nonwovens","volume":"28","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2019.1620592","article-title":"Nonwoven Membranes for Tissue Engineering: An Overview of Cartilage, Epithelium, and Bone Regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Trevisol","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200380","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202200380","article-title":"Silk Fibroin Combined with Electrospinning as a Promising Strategy for Tissue Regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.09.014","article-title":"Use of Electrospinning Technique for Biomedical Applications","volume":"49","author":"Agarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2010.01.004","article-title":"Electrospinning: A Fascinating Fiber Fabrication Technique","volume":"28","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2022.101473","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Review of Advanced Electrospun Nanofiber Yarn-Based Textiles for Biomedical Applications","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30841","article-title":"Interaction of Cells and Nanofiber Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering","volume":"84B","author":"Venugopal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9419","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm04502k","article-title":"Design, Fabrication and Characterization of PCL Electrospun Scaffolds\u2014A Review","volume":"21","author":"Cipitria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S.H., Mahammed, M.A., and Yasin, S.A. (2024). Characterization of Electrospinning Chitosan Nanofibers Used for Wound Dressing. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16141984"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.118","article-title":"Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers on Polyhydroxybutyrate Electrospun Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"220","author":"Mohammadalipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30674","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA04176B","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Sodium Alginate\u2013PVA Polymeric Scaffolds by Electrospinning Method for Skin Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"11","author":"Jadbabaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-022-00213-z","article-title":"Improving Vascular Regeneration Performance of Electrospun Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Vascular Grafts via Synergistic Functionalization with VE-Cadherin\/VEGF","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Fiber Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1978","article-title":"A Review of Key Challenges of Electrospun Scaffolds for Tissue-Engineering Applications","volume":"10","author":"Khorshidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101676","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202101676","article-title":"Designing with Circular Arc Toolpaths to Increase the Complexity of Melt Electrowriting","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312084","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202312084","article-title":"Materials and Strategies to Enhance Melt Electrowriting Potential","volume":"36","author":"Saiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201589","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201589","article-title":"A Decade of Melt Electrowriting","volume":"7","author":"Dalton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2017.05.007","article-title":"Melt Electrowriting with Additive Manufacturing Principles","volume":"2","author":"Dalton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002089","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202002089","article-title":"Biomimetic Tympanic Membrane Replacement Made by Melt Electrowriting","volume":"10","author":"Stoppe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, I., Valenzuela, O., Rojas, F., Herrera, L.J., and Ortu\u00f1o, F. (2020). Production of 3D-Printed Tympanic Membrane Scaffolds as a Tissue Engineering Application. Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Proceedings of the 8th International Work-Conference, IWBBIO 2020, Granada, Spain, 6\u20138 May 2020, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45385-5"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2021.e00186","article-title":"Experimentally Validated Vibro-Acoustic Modeling of 3D Bio-Printed Grafts for Potential Use in Human Tympanic Membrane Regeneration","volume":"25","author":"Jafari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioprinting"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50132","DOI":"10.1002\/app.50132","article-title":"3D Printing-Assisted Combinatorial Approach for Designing Mechanically-Tunable and Vascular Supportive Nanofibrous Membranes to Repair Perforated Eardrum","volume":"138","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2024.102048","article-title":"Electrospun Graphene Oxide\/Polymeric Nanocomposites for Eardrum Replacements","volume":"51","author":"Milazzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.12.007","article-title":"Improved Tympanic Membrane Regeneration after Myringoplastic Surgery Using an Artificial Biograft","volume":"73","author":"Immich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/21695717.2015.1092372","article-title":"Tissue Engineering of the Tympanic Membrane Using Electrospun PEOT\/PBT Copolymer Scaffolds: A Morphological in Vitro Study","volume":"13","author":"Danti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear. Balance Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danti, S., Anand, S., Azimi, B., Milazzo, M., Fusco, A., Ricci, C., Zavagna, L., Linari, S., Donnarumma, G., and Lazzeri, A. (2021). Chitin Nanofibril Application in Tympanic Membrane Scaffolds to Modulate Inflammatory and Immune Response. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091440"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120732","article-title":"Chitin Nanofibrils Modulate Mechanical Response in Tympanic Membrane Replacements","volume":"310","author":"Anand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-018-6127-8","article-title":"Preparation of CS\/PVA Nanofibrous Membrane with Tunable Mechanical Properties for Tympanic Member Repair","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2020.1825084","article-title":"Green Crosslinked Nanofibers Membrane Based on CS\/PVA Combined with Polybasic Organic Acid for Tympanic Membrane Repair","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1039\/c4tb00213j","article-title":"A Polycaprolactone\/Silk-Fibroin Nanofibrous Composite Combined with Human Umbilical Cord Serum for Subacute Tympanic Membrane Perforation; an in Vitro and in Vivo Study","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.09.005","article-title":"Multimodal Additive Manufacturing of Biomimetic Tympanic Membrane Replacements with near Tissue-like Acousto-Mechanical and Biological Properties","volume":"170","author":"Stoppe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2009.00565.x","article-title":"Comparison of Methods for the Repair of Acute Tympanic Membrane Perforations: Silk Patch vs. Paper Patch","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201200368","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibrillar Patch as a Wound Healing Platform of Tympanic Membrane Perforation","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"China National Silk Museum, and UNESCO (2022). Textiles and Clothing Along the Silk Roads: Thematic Collection of the Cultural Exchanges Along the Silk Roads, UNESCO Publishing."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., Gregory, D.A., Tomeh, M.A., and Zhao, X. (2021). Silk Fibroin as a Functional Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031499"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3390\/surgeries5020029","article-title":"Evaluating and Comparing the Tensile Strength and Clinical Behavior of Monofilament Polyamide and Multifilament Silk Sutures: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Arcanjo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surgeries"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083711435713","article-title":"Effect of Chitosan Coating on the Characteristics of Silk-Braided Sutures","volume":"42","author":"Viju","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6486","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00187A","article-title":"Silkworm Silk-Based Materials and Devices Generated Using Bio-Nanotechnology","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.02.006","article-title":"Cell Proliferation and Migration in Silk Fibroin 3D Scaffolds","volume":"30","author":"Mandal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2013.0278","article-title":"Sericin Removal from Raw Bombyx Mori Silk Scaffolds of High Hierarchical Order","volume":"20","author":"Teuschl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f6ltje, M., K\u00f6lbel, A., Aibibu, D., and Cherif, C. (2021). A Fast and Reliable Process to Fabricate Regenerated Silk Fibroin Solution from Degummed Silk in 4 Hours. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910565"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154369","article-title":"Regulatory Effect of Sericin Protein in Inflammatory Pathways; A Comprehensive Review","volume":"243","author":"Rahimpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol.-Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800465","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800465","article-title":"The Biomedical Use of Silk: Past, Present, Future","volume":"8","author":"Holland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2015.02.001","article-title":"Structures, Mechanical Properties and Applications of Silk Fibroin Materials","volume":"46","author":"Koh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2023.03.027","article-title":"Emerging Silk Fibroin Materials and Their Applications: New Functionality Arising from Innovations in Silk Crosslinking","volume":"65","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1225","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1225","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Silk and Its Role for Intervertebral Disc Repair","volume":"5","author":"Croft","year":"2022","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.05.002","article-title":"In Vivo Degradation of Three-Dimensional Silk Fibroin Scaffolds","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1021\/bm101422j","article-title":"Degradation Mechanism and Control of Silk Fibroin","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33308","article-title":"Biodegradation Behavior of Silk Fibroin Membranes in Repairing Tympanic Membrane Perforations","volume":"100A","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2015.8.2.117","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes of Silk Patch in Acute Tympanic Membrane Perforation","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25980","article-title":"A Prospective Cohort Study of the Silk Fibroin Patch in Chronic Tympanic Membrane Perforation","volume":"126","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-3959-8","article-title":"A New Graft Material for Myringoplasty: Bacterial Cellulose","volume":"273","author":"Biskin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.03.015","article-title":"Treatment of Tympanic Membrane Perforation Using Bacterial Cellulose: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"82","author":"Silveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2018.12.008","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose Graft versus Fat Graft in Closure of Tympanic Membrane Perforation","volume":"40","author":"Mandour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2019.05.001","article-title":"Traumatic Perforations of the Tympanic Membrane: Immediate Clinical Recovery with the Use of Bacterial Cellulose Film","volume":"86","author":"Pinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-023-02779-0","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose as Potential Dressing and Scaffold Material: Toward Improving the Antibacterial and Cell Adhesion Properties","volume":"31","author":"Rasouli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S.M., Rao, K.M., Zo, S.M., Shin, E.J., and Han, S.S. (2022). Bacterial Cellulose and Its Applications. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14061080"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55163","DOI":"10.1002\/app.55163","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"141","author":"Girard","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, M.W., Manan, S., Kiprono, S.J., Mazhar, U.-I., and Yang, G. (2019). Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Bacterial Cellulose. Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527807437.ch4"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, I.G.R.d., Pantoja, B.T.d.S., Almeida, G.H.D.R., Carreira, A.C.O., and Miglino, M.A. (2022). Bacterial Cellulose and ECM Hydrogels: An Innovative Approach for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073955"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9198-8","article-title":"Production and Properties of Bacterial Cellulose by the Strain Komagataeibacter Xylinus B-12068","volume":"102","author":"Volova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.11.023","article-title":"Development of Modified Montmorillonite-Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites as a Novel Substitute for Burn Skin and Tissue Regeneration","volume":"206","author":"Sajjad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horue, M., Silva, J.M., Berti, I.R., Brand\u00e3o, L.R., Barud, H.d.S., and Castro, G.R. (2023). Bacterial Cellulose-Based Materials as Dressings for Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020424"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azimi, B., Milazzo, M., and Danti, S. (2021). Cellulose-Based Fibrous Materials From Bacteria to Repair Tympanic Membrane Perforations. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.669863"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123703","article-title":"A Review on Biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) Production from Fermentative Food Waste\u2014Its Applications and Degradation","volume":"234","author":"Swetha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.04.003","article-title":"PLA Composites: From Production to Properties","volume":"107","author":"Murariu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.20774","article-title":"Processing and Properties of PLA\/Thermoplastic Starch\/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites","volume":"31","author":"Arroyo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1021\/ie504484b","article-title":"Remarkable Melting Behavior of PLA Stereocomplex in Linear PLLA\/PDLA Blends","volume":"54","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.03.012","article-title":"Biocompatibility and Safety of PLA and Its Copolymers","volume":"107","author":"Ramot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107120","article-title":"Electrospun Biomimetic Tympanic Membrane Implants: Simulating the Effect of Fiber\/Filament Arrangement on Acousto-Mechanical Behavior","volume":"172","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higuera, G.A., Ramos, T., Gloria, A., Ambrosio, L., Di Luca, A., Pechkov, N., de Wijn, J.R., van Blitterswijk, C.A., and Moroni, L. (2021). PEOT\/PBT Polymeric Pastes to Fabricate Additive Manufactured Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.704185"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(01)00453-0","article-title":"Poly(Ethylene Oxide)\/Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Segmented Block Copolymers: The Effect of Copolymer Composition on Physical Properties and Degradation Behavior","volume":"42","author":"Deschamps","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800309","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201800309","article-title":"Fabrication of PEOT\/PBT Nanofibers by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Treatment of Electrospinning Solutions for Tissue Engineering","volume":"18","author":"Grande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., and Fukamizo, T. (2019). Chitin: Structure, Chemistry and Biology. Targeting Chitin-Containing Organisms, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7318-3"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications","volume":"31","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-016-0865-5","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan: Structure, Properties and Applications in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"25","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2016.1275684","article-title":"PVA, PVA Blends, and Their Nanocomposites for Biodegradable Packaging Application","volume":"56","author":"Abdullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahra, F.T., Quick, Q., and Mu, R. (2023). Electrospun PVA Fibers for Drug Delivery: A Review. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15183837"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33337","article-title":"Cytotoxicity Associated with Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol","volume":"103","author":"Pathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10731199009117286","article-title":"Chitosan-as a Biomaterial","volume":"18","author":"Chandy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biomater. Artif. Cells. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_185","unstructured":"Chackalamannil, S., Rotella, D., and Ward, S.E. (2017). 2.16\u20143D High-Content Screening of Organoids for Drug Discovery. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry III, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1021\/ie302185e","article-title":"Crystalline Morphology of Electrospun Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) (PCL) Nanofibers","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, J.R., Sousa, A., Augusto, A., B\u00e1rtolo, P.J., and Granja, P.L. (2022). Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) Degradation: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14163397"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.08.015","article-title":"Mechanical Testing of Electrospun PCL Fibers","volume":"8","author":"Croisier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1021\/bm050314k","article-title":"Characterization of the Surface Biocompatibility of the Electrospun PCL-Collagen Nanofibers Using Fibroblasts","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2020.109838","article-title":"Optimization of Cell Seeding on Electrospun PCL-Silk Fibroin Scaffolds","volume":"134","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30128","article-title":"Electrospinning of Gelatin Fibers and Gelatin\/PCL Composite Fibrous Scaffolds","volume":"72B","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103408","article-title":"The Latest Progress of Tympanic Membrane Repair Materials","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1163\/092050611X581516","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose: Long-Term Biocompatibility Studies","volume":"23","author":"Moreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.01.010","article-title":"Biocompatibility, Biodegradation and Excretion of Polylactic Acid (PLA) in Medical Implants and Theranostic Systems","volume":"340","author":"Kaduri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328220952250","article-title":"Biodegradable Engineered Fiber Scaffolds Fabricated by Electrospinning for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02502-1","article-title":"Application of PLGA as a Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymer for Pulmonary Delivery of Drugs","volume":"24","author":"Mahar","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.08.028","article-title":"A Two Year in Vivo Study of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Hydrogel (PVA-H) Artificial Meniscus","volume":"26","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(96)00167-6","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Degradation of Films of Chitin and Its Deacetylated Derivatives","volume":"18","author":"Tomihata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5518999","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5518999","article-title":"Synthesis and Toxicity of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles: A Literature Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies","volume":"2021","author":"Rhazouani","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33070","article-title":"Chitosan Implants in the Rat Spinal Cord: Biocompatibility and Biodegradation","volume":"97A","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2012.09.009","article-title":"The Topography of Electrospun Nanofibers and Its Impact on the Growth and Mobility of Keratinocytes","volume":"84","author":"Pelipenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202100120","DOI":"10.1002\/pamm.202100120","article-title":"Development of Fibrous SF\/PCL Tympanic Membrane Scaffolds via Electrospinning: Modeling and Experimental Verification","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Appl. Math. Mech."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/1\/53\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T05:24:58Z","timestamp":1769232298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/1\/53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17010053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17010053","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}}}