{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:29Z","timestamp":1787028689305,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B.SUB.25.384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.25.384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biological compatibility of endodontic sealers is a key determinant of periapical tissue healing. This in vitro study investigated the cytotoxic, pro-inflammatory, and redox-related effects of eight endodontic sealers on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPdLFs): Biopulp (Chema-Elektromet), AH Plus (Dentsply Sirona), MTA Fillapex (Angelus), EndoSeal MTA (Maruchi), GuttaFlow (Colt\u00e8ne), AH Plus Bioceramic (Dentsply Sirona), TotalFill BC (FKG Dentaire SA), and BioRoot TM (Septodont). Cells were exposed for 24 h to 10-fold-diluted sealer extracts prepared in accordance with the manufacturers\u2019 instructions, while control samples underwent identical procedures without sealer contact. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant defense parameters, protein oxidation indices, apoptotic activity (caspase-3), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6), and cell viability (MTT assay) were assessed. Under the applied conditions, all materials induced only limited global oxidative stress, with most alterations reflecting selective protein and glycoxidative modifications. Nevertheless, AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, and the calcium hydroxide-based Biopulp exhibited a less favorable redox profile and greater protein oxidation compared with calcium silicate-based sealers. AH Plus and EndoSeal MTA were associated with increased IL-6 release, whereas EndoSeal MTA moderately elevated IL-1 levels. BioRoot TM demonstrated the lowest cytokine expression, and TotalFill BC preserved high cell viability. Caspase-3 activity remained comparable across all experimental groups, indicating minimal induction of apoptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17020105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T08:58:21Z","timestamp":1771837101000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oxidative Stress, Pro-Inflammatory Response, Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induced by Contemporary Endodontic Sealers in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8271-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Krokosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1987-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia Ewa","family":"Lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Zi\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5609-3187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Maciejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-233 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Zalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Research Group at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1581-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Obrycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edyta","family":"Go\u0142a\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-233 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"},{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Club \u201cBiochemistry of Civilization Diseases\u201d at the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, 15-233 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4350-0369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u017bendzian-Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-233 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"\u0141adny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, 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