{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:12:17Z","timestamp":1773389537564,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UMB","award":["B.SUB.26.409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.26.409"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental resin composites are routinely exposed to chemically aggressive beverages that may compromise long-term functional performance. This study investigated the structure\u2013property\u2013tribology relationships of four restorative composites (Filtek Z250, Filtek Z550, Herculite, and Herculite Ultra) subjected to cyclic immersion in beverages with different pH values. A total of 120 cylindrical specimens (7 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness; n = 5 per material per condition) were fabricated and exposed to mineral water, tea, coffee, Coca-Cola\u00ae, Cola Light\u00ae, and red wine for 28 days under cyclic conditions. Microhardness, surface roughness (Ra), steady-state coefficient of friction (COF), and mass variation were evaluated. All composites exhibited significant microhardness reduction after acidic exposure (p &lt; 0.05), with the greatest decrease observed for Herculite Ultra in red wine (\u221247.4%) and Coca-Cola\u00ae (\u221235.3%). Filtek Z250 demonstrated the highest baseline hardness and the lowest degradation susceptibility. Surface roughness changes were formulation-dependent, with Herculite Ultra showing pronounced roughening (\u0394Ra up to +0.074 \u00b5m), whereas Filtek Z550 exhibited erosion-driven smoothing (\u0394Ra down to \u22120.068 \u00b5m). Tribological behaviour was primarily governed by matrix softening rather than roughness alterations, with softened systems displaying unstable frictional responses (COF range: 0.127\u20130.697; p &lt; 0.05). The results indicate that polymer matrix stability plays a more critical role in long-term functional performance than surface roughness or mass variation alone. Clinically, frequent exposure to acidic and solvent-containing beverages may accelerate mechanical and tribological degradation of susceptible composite formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17030139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:00:37Z","timestamp":1773219637000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cyclic Acidic Beverage Exposure Induces Formulation-Dependent Mechanical Softening and Tribological Alterations in Microhybrid and Nanohybrid Dental Resin Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8363-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017baneta Anna","family":"Mierzejewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Department, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Wo\u0142osiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Department, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"\u0141ukaszuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Rusztyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Borys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Antonowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szalewski, L., W\u00f3jcik, D., Bogucki, M., Szkutnik, J., and R\u00f3\u017cy\u0142o-Kalinowska, I. (2021). The influence of popular beverages on mechanical properties of composite resins. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14113097"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scotti, N., Ionescu, A., Comba, A., Baldi, A., Brambilla, E., Vichi, A., and Botto, D. (2021). Influence of low-pH beverages on the two-body wear of CAD\/CAM monolithic materials. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13172915"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gradinaru, I., Vasiliu, A.L., Bargan, A., Checherita, L.E., Ciubotaru, B.I., Armencia, A.O., and Antohe, M.E. (2023). 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