{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:16:30Z","timestamp":1773389790985,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Orthoregeneration Network\/European Orthopaedic Research Society","award":["19-185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-185"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P200A240161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P200A240161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"AO Spine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012652","name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intervertebral disk pathology, including disk herniation and degeneration, is a major contributor to chronic low back pain, and when conservative treatment fails, surgical management often involves discectomy-based procedures that leave residual annulus fibrosus (AF) defects associated with reherniation and progressive degeneration. These limitations have motivated interest in regenerative strategies using biomaterial scaffolds; however, reproducing the hierarchical, angle-ply architecture of the AF remains challenging. Here, we present a single-step extrusion-based 3D-printing approach to fabricate polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with aligned microscale surface grooves that promote AF-like organization. Patterned nozzles with circumferential peaks generated uniaxial concave microgrooves (10\u201317 \u00b5m wide) directly during printing, enabling formation of multilamellar angle-ply constructs. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on patterned scaffolds aligned longitudinally within concave grooves, forming end-to-end arrays that guided extracellular matrix deposition. Gene expression analysis showed that topographical cues governed cellular organization without significantly altering gene expression profiles, while TGF-\u03b23 supplementation upregulated outer AF-associated markers, including COL1, COL12, SFRP2, MKX, MCAM, and SCX. TAGLN expression increased specifically on patterned scaffolds in the absence of TGF-\u03b23, indicating an association between microgroove-guided cellular organization and TAGLN expression, warranting further investigation into potential tension-related mechanisms. This novel single-step extrusion-printing approach leverages custom nozzle geometry to impart concave microgrooves, facilitating scalable fabrication of multilamellar angle-ply scaffolds that induce aligned cellular organization and support potential applications in annulus fibrosus repair, as well as mechanobiological studies of anisotropic musculoskeletal tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17030140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:43:27Z","timestamp":1773225807000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-Step Extrusion Printing of Microgrooved Annulus Fibrosus Scaffolds via Patterned Nozzles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Kluser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos,  7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland"},{"name":"Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gion Ursin","family":"Alig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos,  7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland"},{"name":"Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-1066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Sprecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos,  7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9552-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibylle","family":"Grad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos,  7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland"},{"name":"Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0262-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Alini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos,  7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9415-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"H\u00e4ckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2751-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph E.","family":"Albers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Sonnenhof Spital, Salvisbergstrasse 4, 3006 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8500-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Eglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mines Saint-Etienne, Universite Jean Monnet, INSERM, UMR 1059 Sainbiose, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajkishen","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bone and Joint Institute, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103,   USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5143-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Vernengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos,  7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32340-0","article-title":"Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 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