{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T01:13:17Z","timestamp":1793063597303,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22278003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22278003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z241100009024027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z241100009024027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Research and Development Fund","award":["RDGS2022-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDGS2022-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035adwg89","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Capital Medical Science and Technology Innovation Achievement Transformation Promotion Plan Empowerment Project","award":["YC202401QX0320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YC202401QX0320"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2024MH037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MH037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Beijing Science and Technology Nova Program Cross-disciplinary Project","award":["20220484232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220484232"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic osteomyelitis and infected bone defects are driven by recurrent infection, biofilm persistence, and dysregulated inflammation, but conventional \u201ceradicate bacteria and fill the defect\u201d approaches often fail to restore a regenerative microenvironment. Herein, we review biofilm-associated immune dysfunction in impaired angiogenesis\/osteogenesis and summarize biomaterials that couple infection control with tissue regeneration. We integrate representative platforms into a \u201cTime\u2013Space\u2013Control\u201d framework: (i) time-programmed systems that sequence early antibiofilm\/antibacterial actions with later pro-angiogenic and osteogenic cues; (ii) space-focused designs that enhance defect localization, penetration, and coverage of infected niches; and (iii) controllable strategies that enable pathology-responsive and\/or externally triggered, on-demand modulation. Based on this synthesis, we propose a practical 4P principle to guide programmable therapeutic biomaterials. Overall, explicitly managing timing, localization, and controllability may improve the alignment of antimicrobial therapy, immune reprogramming, and regenerative support for chronic infected bone repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17030142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:12:24Z","timestamp":1773321144000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Therapeutic Biomaterials for Chronic Osteomyelitis: Time\u2013Space\u2013Control Strategies for Infection Control and Bone Repair\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jinqiu","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Trauma and Nerve Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medical College, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Trauma and Nerve Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7200-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peixun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Trauma and Nerve Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Qingdao Hospital, Qingdao 266111, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Fang, L., Wang, S., Chen, Y., Ma, H., Zhao, H., and Xie, Z. 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