{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:56:09Z","timestamp":1791237369477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Missouri School of Medicine Coulter Biomedical Accelerator Grant"},{"name":"Missouri S&T Ignition Grant Initiative"},{"name":"TAMU Advancing Discovery to Marketplace Innovation Award"},{"name":"College of Education and Human Development at Texas A&M University"},{"name":"NIH LRP","award":["2L40AR077899-02A3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2L40AR077899-02A3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R37HL041026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R37HL041026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21HD110771-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21HD110771-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle myopathy remains a significant cause of disability with limited treatment strategies. Advancements in tissue engineering have led to the development of borophosphate bioactive glasses (BPBGs) capable of enhancing skeletal muscle structure and function. Using a mouse model of severe myopathy (D2.mdx), we investigated muscle force, regeneration, angiogenesis and inflammation at 14, 70 and 140 days post-treatment (dpt). Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of D2.mdx mice that received a single injection of cobalt oxide-doped BPBG (CoO-TRIM) particles exhibit greater active force, myofiber size, and regeneration through 70 dpt compared to control D2.mdx mice injected with Saline. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was elevated up to 70 dpt in D2.mdx CoO-TRIM mice followed by increased muscle vascularity. As a marker of inflammation, interleukin (IL)-6 increased in D2.mdx CoO-TRIM mice compared to D2.mdx Saline controls at 14 dpt, with no differences at 70 or 140 dpt. No differences were observed in outcome measures between wild-type (WT) CoO-TRIM mice and WT Saline controls. We report that CoO-TRIM can stimulate VEGF production and promote restoration of muscle structure and function when inflammation is present. Local injection of an inorganic biomaterial alone can benefit myopathic skeletal muscle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17030155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:49:28Z","timestamp":1774255768000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Borophosphate Glass Doped with Cobalt Oxide Improves Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function in Myopathic Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9940-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob A.","family":"Kendra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra G.","family":"Naman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah L.","family":"Blatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla D.","family":"Zingariello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4642-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard K.","family":"Brow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5667-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven S.","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9790-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron B.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414558336","article-title":"Membrane injury and repair in the muscular dystrophies","volume":"21","author":"Cooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2004.04026.x","article-title":"Role of contraction-induced injury in the mechanisms of muscle damage in muscular dystrophy","volume":"31","author":"Lynch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. 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