{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:31Z","timestamp":1787028691623,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Scar Free Foundation & Health and Care Research Wales Programme"},{"name":"Action Medical Research and the VTCT Foundation","award":["GN2782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GN2782"]}]},{"name":"Microtia UK, the Royal College of Surgeons England"},{"name":"British Association of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons"},{"name":"the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Welsh Clinical Academic Training Programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shear stress is a significant consideration in 3D bioprinting systems, with implications for cell viability and behaviour. This study hypothesised that relevant levels of shear stress would be generated during the process of 3D bioprinting human nasoseptal chondrocytes in a nanocellulose alginate bioink, with implications for cell viability and chondrogenic gene expression. Through a combined approach of in silico modelling and in vitro testing, we assessed chondrocyte viability and gene expression immediately within the first 72 h post-printing. Cell viability was determined using live\u2013dead, alamarBlue and lactate dehydrogenase assays immediately and 24 h post-printing compared to cell-only and unprinted cell\u2013biomaterial controls. Gene expression analysis of Type 2 collagen, SOX9, aggrecan and alkaline phosphatase gene expression was performed 4 h and 72 h post-printing. Computational fluid dynamics predicted a shear stress of 292 Pa and maximum fluid velocity of 19 mm\/s during the bioprinting process. No statistically significant cell death or cell lysis was detected between groups immediately post-printing; however, statistically significant chondrocyte cell death was observed at 24 h in the printed group (p = 0.047). Moreover, the bioprinting process evoked a transient initial rise in both chondrogenic (SOX9, aggrecan) and osteogenic gene expression (ALP) with a marked suppression in type 2 collagen expression at 72 h (0.05, p = 0.0005), indicating biological effects evoked by shear stress during printing. This study highlights the importance of optimising the bioprinting process to facilitate low shear stress conditions for durable cartilage tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17040163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1775030914000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biological Impact of Extrusion Bioprinting Nasoseptal Chondrocytes for Tissue Engineering Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8325-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Harry","family":"Jovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"},{"name":"Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering & Zienkiewicz Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0515-6808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feihu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering & Zienkiewicz Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6753-1987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shareen Heather","family":"Doak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain Stuart","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"},{"name":"Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350616681889","article-title":"Applications of Three-Dimensional Printing in Surgery","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. 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