{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:17:58Z","timestamp":1785406678458,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CMU114-ASIA-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU114-ASIA-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CMU114-S-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU114-S-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CMU114-ASIA-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU114-ASIA-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00v408z34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CMU114-S-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU114-S-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00v408z34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 114-2314-B-039-023-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2314-B-039-023-MY3"]}]},{"award":["NSTC 114-2314-B-039-023-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2314-B-039-023-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wnb9798","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inspired by their biocompatibility and thermoreversible gelation\u2014transitioning from room temperature liquids to body temperature gels\u2014Pluronic hydrogels were employed in this study to optimize intracanal penetration and ensure medicament stability. We developed a silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-loaded Pluronic gel (AgNPs-P-gel) as a biocompatible, easily removable intracanal medicament. Following PRILE 2021 guidelines, AgNPs-P-gels (F127\/F68) were evaluated for gelation, AgNP release, and antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and growth curves. Biofilms in bovine teeth were quantified using CFUs and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. Biocompatibility was tested in L-929 fibroblasts using MTT assays and RT-qPCR for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2). Removal efficacy from bovine canals was microscopically scored. The optimized formulation (20% F127, 7.5% F68) gelled at 34 \u00b0C with sustained release over 168 h. AgNPs-P-gel showed strong antibacterial activity (MIC: 25\u201350 \u00b5g\/mL). In ex vivo models, 100 \u00b5g\/mL AgNPs-P-gel (AgNPs-100-P-gel) reduced bacterial counts comparably to calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine, but with lower cytotoxicity. Although inducing cytokine expression similar to conventional medicaments, AgNPs-P-gel demonstrated significantly superior removability. Thermoreversible AgNPs-P-gel offers sustained antimicrobial action, favorable biocompatibility, and superior removability, potentially improving endodontic disinfection predictability as a calcium hydroxide alternative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17040180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T08:09:00Z","timestamp":1775549340000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Ex Vivo Evaluation of a Thermoreversible Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded Gel as a Biocompatible Intracanal Medicament"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2888-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Min","family":"Hsia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Gene","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9248-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong-Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioBank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0893-4185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin-Hwa","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzong-Ming","family":"Shieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2001.00437.x","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis\u2014A mechanism for its role in endodontic failure","volume":"34","author":"Love","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. 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