{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:07:52Z","timestamp":1784851672620,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances in dental material science over recent decades have significantly improved the mechanical, physical, esthetic, and adhesive properties of restorative systems. As clinical performance and durability have reached high standards, research has progressively shifted from purely mechanical replacement toward the development of bioactive materials capable of interacting beneficially with biological tissues. Rather than functioning solely as passive restoratives, contemporary materials are increasingly designed to contribute to disease prevention and tissue repair. Bioactive functionality encompasses both bioprotective and biopromotive effects, including antimicrobial activity, reinforcement of the dental substrate, promotion of remineralization, modulation of inflammatory responses, and stimulation of regenerative pathways. In this context, the surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) particle has emerged as a multifunctional bioactive technology. Its unique three-layer structure enables sustained release of multiple ions, fluoride, strontium, boron, sodium, silicate, and aluminum, associated with mineralization, biofilm inhibition, inflammatory regulation, and activation of cellular signaling pathways. An integrative review was conducted through a literature search in PubMed, SciELO and Scopus using the descriptors \u201cSurface-reaction-type prereacted glass ionomer\u201d and \u201cS-PRG.\u201d Experimental studies evaluating antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, remineralizing, cellular, or regenerative effects of S-PRG-containing materials were considered eligible. A total of 49 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed through descriptive synthesis. The available evidence indicates that the biological activity of S-PRG-containing materials extends beyond caries prevention, including modulation of inflammatory responses, enhancement of mineralization processes, and stimulation of cellular pathways related to tissue repair. These findings highlight the potential of S-PRG technology as a promising strategy for the development of restorative materials with regenerative and preventive properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17040182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:48:07Z","timestamp":1775720887000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biological Effects on S-PRG: An Integrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hudson","family":"Balthazar Cavalcante de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333,  Rebou\u00e7as, Curitiba  80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9379-4625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Zablocki da Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333,  Rebou\u00e7as, Curitiba  80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Eduardo de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333,  Rebou\u00e7as, Curitiba  80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cauani","family":"de Castro Busatto Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333,  Rebou\u00e7as, Curitiba  80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Barbosa Wetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333,  Rebou\u00e7as, Curitiba  80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7136-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Silva Schiebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333,  Rebou\u00e7as, Curitiba  80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Vieira Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fhernanda Ribeiro","family":"Smiderle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333,  Rebou\u00e7as, Curitiba  80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Maria-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333,  Rebou\u00e7as, Curitiba  80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-3492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cleber","family":"Machado-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632,  \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba  80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333,  Rebou\u00e7as, Curitiba  80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2022.11.012","article-title":"Bioactivity of Dental Restorative Materials: FDI Policy Statement","volume":"73","author":"Schmalz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01162-w","article-title":"Bioactive restorative materials in dentistry: A comprehensive review of mechanisms, clinical applications, and future directions","volume":"114","author":"Abozaid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdj.2017.09.001","article-title":"Effect of tooth surface coating material containing S-PRG filler on white spot lesions of young permanent teeth","volume":"28","author":"Wakamatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2021-062","article-title":"Effects of S-PRG filler eluate on MMP-1 and MMP-3 secretion by human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"41","author":"Inoue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2021-139","article-title":"Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of surface-reaction-type pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler containing root canal sealer in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Thein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2022-201","article-title":"Effects of a co-stimulation with S-PRG filler eluate and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) on matrix metalloproteinase-1 production by human dental pulp fibroblast-like cells","volume":"42","author":"Moroto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3448","article-title":"Water-soluble factors eluated from surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler promote osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"17","author":"Nemoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.06.003","article-title":"Therapeutic polymers for dental adhesives: Loading resins with bio-active components","volume":"30","author":"Imazato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.28.11","article-title":"Bio-active restorative materials with antibacterial effects: New dimension of innovation in restorative dentistry","volume":"28","author":"Imazato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2017-156","article-title":"Non-biodegradable polymer particles for drug delivery: A new technology for \u201cbio-active\u201d restorative materials","volume":"36","author":"Imazato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu, A.C., and Hahnel, S. (2021). Dental Resin-Based Materials with Antibacterial Properties: Contact Inhibition and Controlled Release. Oral Biofilms and Modern Dental Materials: Advances Toward Bioactivity, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67388-8"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2019-350","article-title":"Cutting-edge filler technologies to release bio-active components for restorative and preventive dentistry","volume":"39","author":"Imazato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imazato, S., Nakatsuka, T., Kitagawa, H., Sasaki, J.-I., Yamaguchi, S., Ito, S., Takeuchi, H., Nomura, R., and Nakano, K. (2023). Multiple-Ion Releasing Bioactive Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-Ionomer (S-PRG) Filler: Innovative Technology for Dental Treatment and Care. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14040236"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2020-390","article-title":"Effects of multi-components released from S-PRG filler on the activities of human dental pulp-derived stem cells","volume":"40","author":"Ishigure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.06.016","article-title":"Lithium-containing surface pre-reacted glass fillers enhance hDPSC functions and induce reparative dentin formation in a rat pulp capping model through activation of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"96","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, M., Ali, M., Komichi, S., Watanabe, M., Huang, H., Ito, Y., Miura, J., Hirose, Y., Mizuhira, M., and Takahashi, Y. (2019). Surface Pre-Reacted Glass Filler Contributes to Tertiary Dentin Formation through a Mechanism Different Than That of Hydraulic Calcium-Silicate Cement. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091440"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"5039","article-title":"Combination of ions promotes cell migration via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2 signaling pathway in human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"19","author":"Akazawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandra, J., Nakamura, S., Shindo, S., Leon, E., Castellon, M., Pastore, M.R., Heidari, A., Witek, L., Coelho, P.G., and Nakatsuka, T. (2024). Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-Ionomer Eluate Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis through Downregulation of the MAPK Signaling Pathway. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081835"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70","article-title":"Metal ions from S-PRG filler have the potential to prevent periodontal disease","volume":"3","author":"Abe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2019-029","article-title":"Comparative biological assessments of endodontic root canal sealer containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler or silica filler","volume":"39","author":"Miyaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2020.50470","article-title":"Ion Release from Prototype Surface Pre-Reacted Glass Ionomer (S-PRG) Sealer and EndoSequence BC Sealer","volume":"6","author":"Bhat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, H., Kato, Y., Sasaki, N., Tanigaki, K., Yamaga, S., Mita, E., Kuboniwa, M., Matsusaki, M., and Amano, A. (2022). Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer eluate protects gingival epithelium from penetration by lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans via transcription factor EB pathway. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271192"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.06.018","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of resin composites containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler","volume":"32","author":"Miki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.06.004","article-title":"Bioactive resin-based composite with surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler and zwitterionic material to prevent the formation of multi-species biofilm","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2024.2371817","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) eluate against oral microcosm biofilm","volume":"40","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1686485","article-title":"Effects of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) eluate on Candida spp.: Antifungal activity, anti-biofilm properties, and protective effects on Galleria mellonella against C. albicans infection","volume":"35","author":"Rossoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.01.009","article-title":"Effects of S-PRG eluate on oral biofilm and oral malodor","volume":"59","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-015-0217-2","article-title":"Effects of surface reaction-type pre-reacted glass ionomer on oral biofilm formation of Streptococcus gordonii","volume":"104","author":"Shimazu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23354-x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) eluate against adhesion and colonization by Streptococcus mutans","volume":"8","author":"Nomura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80646-x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of toothbrush monofilament containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler on Streptococcus mutans","volume":"11","author":"Matayoshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Lima, G.C., de Cassia Orlando Sardi, J., de Figueiredo, L.C., Bueno-Silva, B., Fonseca, M.A., Dudu-Silva, G., de Carvalho, F.P.P., and Rodrigues, J.A. (2025). Antibacterial activity of a bioactive composite resins containing surface pre-reacted glass in a complex multispecies subgingival biofilm. Odontology.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01153-x"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-018-0922-1","article-title":"Ions released from a S-PRG filler induces oxidative stress in Candida albicans inhibiting its growth and pathogenicity","volume":"23","author":"Tamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunami, A., Inokoshi, M., Tamura, M., Uo, M., Wada, T., Takahashi, R., Hatano, K., Onuma, H., and Kanazawa, M. (2026). Mechanical and antimicrobial properties of hard denture relining material with surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler. J. Prosthodont. Res., Epub ahead of printing.","DOI":"10.2186\/jpr.JPR_D_25_00221"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104777","article-title":"Oral biofilm uptake of mineral ions released from experimental toothpaste containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler","volume":"117","author":"Kato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814913","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/814913","article-title":"Effect of S-PRG Eluate on Biofilm Formation and Enzyme Activity of Oral Bacteria","volume":"2012","author":"Yoneda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12249","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12249","article-title":"Evaluation of the caries-preventive effect of toothpaste containing surface prereacted glass-ionomer filler","volume":"8","author":"Amaechi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76127-w","article-title":"Efficacy of S-PRG filler containing varnishes on enamel demineralization prevention","volume":"10","author":"Spinola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2025.106392","article-title":"Bioactive caries-preventing effects of mineral ions released from surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler on oral biofilm","volume":"179","author":"Kato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"73","article-title":"Suppression of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Gene Expression by PRG Barrier Coat: A Molecular and Microscopic Study for Preventing Dental Caries","volume":"22","author":"Nishimata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"183","article-title":"Effects of toothpaste containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler on crystallinity and acid resistance of hydroxyapatite","volume":"33","author":"Suge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2016-303","article-title":"Effects of experimental pastes containing surface pre-reacted glass ionomer fillers on inhibition of enamel demineralization","volume":"36","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601812010811","article-title":"Effectiveness of S-PRG Filler-Containing Toothpaste in Inhibiting Demineralization of Human Tooth Surface","volume":"12","author":"Amaechi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.106295","article-title":"Influence of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler eluate on collagen morphology, remineralization, and ultimate tensile strength of demineralized dentin","volume":"150","author":"Sanon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.06.002","article-title":"Transdentinal effects of S-PRG fillers on odontoblast-like cells","volume":"40","author":"Anselmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20220082","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2022-0082","article-title":"S-PRG-based toothpastes compared to NaF toothpaste and NaF varnish on dentin permeability in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Mosquim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e245487","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440202405487","article-title":"Efficacy of different in-office treatments for dentin hypersensitivity: Randomized and parallel clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2025.vol39.016","article-title":"Occlusion, acid resistance, and elemental characterization of dentin treated with desensitizing agents","volume":"39","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20250060","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2025-0060","article-title":"The impact of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer nanoparticles on ion dynamics and the physio-mechanical properties of denture base resin","volume":"33","author":"Ratanakupt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"e20250365","article-title":"Resin composites containing S-PRG fillers: Effects on pH modulation of the surrounding medium, surface roughness, and gloss following erosive\/abrasive challenge","volume":"33","author":"Picolo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104602","article-title":"In vitro remineralization assessment of enamel subsurface lesions using different percentages of surface reaction-type pre-reacted glass-ionomer containing gum-based material","volume":"135","author":"ThanNaing","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04107-z","article-title":"Dentin anti-demineralization potential of surface reaction-type pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler containing self-adhesive resin cement","volume":"26","author":"ThanNaing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2018-015","article-title":"Effects of pastes containing ion-releasing particles on dentin remineralization","volume":"38","author":"Iijima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.17-0256","article-title":"Effect of a coating material containing surface reaction-type pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler on prevention of primary enamel demineralization detected by optical coherence tomography","volume":"60","author":"Murayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2016-307","article-title":"The effects of single application of pastes containing ion-releasing particles on enamel demineralization","volume":"36","author":"Iijima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2015-057","article-title":"The effect of multi-ion releasing filler contents on the dentin bond strength of an adhesive resin developed for direct pulp-capping","volume":"34","author":"Kawashima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2015-381","article-title":"Effect of an experimental adhesive resin containing multi-ion releasing fillers on direct pulp-capping","volume":"35","author":"Kawashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2003.11.009","article-title":"Fluoride release and recharge in giomer, compomer and resin composite","volume":"20","author":"Itota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.27.315","article-title":"A Review of Chemical-approach and Ultramorphological Studies on the Development of Fluoride-releasing Dental Adhesives Comprising New Pre-Reacted Glass Ionomer (PRG) Fillers","volume":"27","author":"Ikemura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Roberts, T.A., Miyai, K., Ikemura, K., Fuchigami, K., and Kitamura, T. (1999). Fluoride Ion Sustained Release Preformed Glass Ionomer Filler and Dental Compositions Containing the Same. (US5883153A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.10.011","article-title":"Effects of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer fillers on mineral induction by phosphoprotein","volume":"39","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2341\/10-414-L","article-title":"Fluoride Release, Recharge and Mechanical Property Stability of Various Fluoride-containing Resin Composites","volume":"36","author":"Naoum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.25.509","article-title":"Evaluation of a New Fluoride-releasing One-step Adhesive","volume":"25","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2011-101","article-title":"Evaluation of the ions release\/incorporation of the prototype S-PRG filler-containing endodontic sealer","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirata-Tsuchiya, S., Suzuki, S., Nakamoto, T., Kakimoto, N., Yamada, S., and Shiba, H. (2020). Surgical Sealing of Laterally Localized Accessory Root Canal with Resin Containing S-PRG Filler in Combination with Non-Surgical Endodontic Treatment: A Case Report. Dent. J., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj8040131"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2010-015","article-title":"Detection of ions released from S-PRG fillers and their modulation effect","volume":"29","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2019-380","article-title":"Optimal dilutions of S-PRG filler eluate for experiments on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro","volume":"40","author":"Kashiwagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"e95","article-title":"The effect of strontium and combinations of strontium and fluoride on the remineralization of artificial caries lesions in vitro","volume":"43","author":"Yassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2009-050","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of composite resin with glass-ionomer filler particles","volume":"29","author":"Saku","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"349","article-title":"Antibacterial Effect of Surface Pre-Reacted Glass Ionomer Filler and Eluate\u00c2\u2013Mini Review","volume":"6","author":"Yoneda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Anal. Acta"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2017-171","article-title":"Effect of incorporation of surface pre-reacted glass ionomer filler in tissue conditioner on the inhibition of Candida albicans adhesion","volume":"37","author":"Takakusaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2022-122","article-title":"Impact of surface pre-reacted glass ionomer filler eluate on lipase gene expression in Candida albicans: An in vitro study","volume":"42","author":"Tonprasong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawashima, N., Hashimoto, K., Kuramoto, M., Bakhit, A., Wakabayashi, Y., and Okiji, T. (2020). A Novel Bioactive Endodontic Sealer Containing Surface-Reaction-Type Prereacted Glass-Ionomer Filler Induces Osteoblast Differentiation. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204477"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5585","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03625-z","article-title":"Effects of Sr2+, BO33\u2212, and SiO32\u2212 on Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells into Odontoblast-Like Cells","volume":"201","author":"Miyano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/4\/182\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:36:59Z","timestamp":1775723819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/4\/182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17040182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17040182","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}}}