{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:17:47Z","timestamp":1785406667251,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Medical University\u2014Plovdiv, Bulgaria","award":["18\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/2023"]}]},{"award":["18\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kzxd152","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is widely used in pediatric dentistry for caries arrest; however, concerns exist regarding its cytotoxicity. Green-synthesized nano-silver fluoride (NSF) is a potential alternative to SDF, offering antimicrobial efficacy with improved biocompatibility. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro safety profile of green-synthesized NSF with 5% (w\/v) fluoride using Camellia sinensis extract and to compare it with 38% SDF + potassium iodide (KI) formulation in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Eluates of NSF and SDF+KI were tested at serial concentrations of 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01% and 0.005%. Cell viability was assessed after 24, 48, and 72 h using the MTT assay. Additionally, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HGFs was detected through fluorescence microscopy. Exposure to 5% SDF+KI resulted in almost complete loss of cell viability at all time points, whereas NSF demonstrated significantly higher viability under the same conditions. Lower concentrations of both materials maintained acceptable biocompatibility. ROS analysis revealed increased oxidative stress in response to 5% SDF+KI, while NSF induced significantly lower ROS levels. NSF exhibited superior biocompatibility compared to SDF+KI, supporting its potential as a safer silver-based material for caries management. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm its clinical safety profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17040195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:11:04Z","timestamp":1776420664000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Cytocompatibility and Oxidative Stress Analysis of Green-Synthesized Nano-Silver Fluoride and Silver Diamine Fluoride in Human Gingival Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3525-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia P.","family":"Palankalieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 3 Hristo Botev Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva D.","family":"Stoykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5248-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milen I.","family":"Georgiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ani B.","family":"Belcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 3 Hristo Botev Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515573272","article-title":"Global burden of untreated caries: A systematic review and metaregression","volume":"94","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12484","article-title":"Early childhood caries epidemiology, aetiology, risk assessment, societal burden, management, education, and policy: Global perspective","volume":"29","author":"Tinanoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e85185","article-title":"Role of the early detection and prevention of dental caries in children: A systematic review of clinical outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Yashab","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soxman, J.A. (2021). Noninvasive and minimally invasive treatment of dental caries. Handbook of Clinical Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119661085.ch1"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"94","article-title":"Clinical interventions for caries management through minimal intervention procedures in young children: An updated evidence-based review","volume":"47","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duangthip, D., Jiang, M., Chu, C.H., and Lo, E.C. (2015). Non-surgical treatment of dentin caries in preschool children\u2014Systematic review. BMC Oral Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0033-7"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"11082","article-title":"Caries prevention and treatment in early childhood: Comparing strategies. A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Inchingolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.59957\/jctm.v58i3.88","article-title":"Synthesis of fluorenated analogues of self-assembling peptide P 11-4 and study on P 11-4 therapeutic effect on artificial initial enamel lesions","volume":"58","author":"Uzunova","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Metall."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"149","article-title":"Effect of topically applied ammoniacal silver fluoride on dental caries in children","volume":"9","author":"Nishino","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Osaka Univ. Dent. Sch."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/0810767","article-title":"Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish in arresting dentin caries in Chinese pre-school children","volume":"81","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"S3589","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride in arresting caries in primary teeth","volume":"16","author":"Garg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400807","article-title":"Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for caries reduction in primary teeth and first permanent molars of schoolchildren: 36-month clinical trial","volume":"84","author":"Llodra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103375","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial to arrest dentin caries in young children using silver diamine fluoride","volume":"99","author":"Mabangkhru","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-020-1641-4","article-title":"Silver diamine fluoride\u2014An overview of the literature and current clinical techniques","volume":"228","author":"Greenwall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_239_22","article-title":"Evaluation of caries arresting potential of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish in primary molars: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Prakash","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.10.007","article-title":"Remineralisation of enamel with silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"100006","article-title":"The effect of silver diamine fluoride on the remineralization of early enamel carious lesions under pH-cycling conditions","volume":"1","author":"Sorkhdini","year":"2022","journal-title":"JADA Found. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Commercial silver diamine fluoride (SDF) products on caries lesion progression in primary enamel: An in vitro study","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"555655","article-title":"Potassium iodide: The solution to silver diamine fluoride discoloration","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12401","article-title":"Evaluation of the staining potential of silver diamine fluoride: In vitro","volume":"28","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayed, M., Matsui, N., Hiraishi, N., Nikaido, T., Burrow, M.F., and Tagami, J. (2018). Effect of glutathione bio-molecule on tooth discoloration associated with silver diammine fluoride. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051322"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S253833","article-title":"Use of silver nanomaterials for caries prevention: A concise review","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C., Li, Y., and Tjong, S.C. (2019). Bactericidal and cytotoxic properties of silver nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020449"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1039\/C2EM30595J","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles in the environment","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1002\/cmt2.20","article-title":"Exploring biomedical applications with silver and copper nanotechnology","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"cMat"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5221-5","article-title":"An innovative approach to treating dental decay in children: A new anti-caries agent","volume":"25","author":"Targino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dakal, T.C., Kumar, A., Majumdar, R.S., and Yadav, V. (2016). Mechanistic basis of antimicrobial actions of silver nanoparticles. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01831"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.832.350","article-title":"Plant extract as reducing agent in synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: A review","volume":"832","author":"Mohamad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR10.010","article-title":"The morphology, characteristics, and medicinal properties of Camellia sinensis tea","volume":"4","author":"Mahmood","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4504","article-title":"Comparison of antibacterial activity of water and ethanol extracts of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze against dental caries and detection of antibacterial components","volume":"5","author":"Tahir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2014.05.017","article-title":"A new \u201csilver-bullet\u201d to treat caries in children\u2014Nano silver fluoride: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Targino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201600994","article-title":"AgNPs: The new allies against S. mutans biofilm\u2014A pilot clinical trial and microbiological assay","volume":"28","author":"Freire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.1007\/s12598-024-02794-7","article-title":"Bio-inspired barnacle cement coating of biodegradable magnesium alloy for cerebrovascular application","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rare Met."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1o-Soriano, A., Arias-Hidalgo, C., Montalvillo, E., G\u00f3ngora, R., Hern\u00e1ndez, \u00c1.P., Juanes-Velasco, P., and Fuentes, M. (2025). Evaluating biocompatibility: From classical techniques to state-of-the-art functional proteomics. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15131032"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palankalieva, A., Katsarov, P., and Belcheva, A. (2025). Green-synthesized nano-silver fluoride for remineralization of enamel lesions in primary teeth: A comparative in vitro study with SDF and SDF\/KI. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13070331"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Bernal, D., Pecci-Lloret, M.P., and L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda, S. (2022). The cytocompatibility of silver diamine fluoride on mesenchymal stromal cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth: An in vitro study. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062104"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15188F","article-title":"Toxicity of nanomaterials","volume":"41","author":"Sharifi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114397","article-title":"Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel","volume":"311","author":"Nel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2022-137","article-title":"Fibronectin-coated microgroove titanium surface promotes the behaviors of human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2021.151723","article-title":"Topical fluoride varnishes promote several biological responses on human gingival cells","volume":"237","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoykova, I.D., Koycheva, I.K., Binev, B.K., Mihaylova, L.V., Benina, M.Y., Alipieva, K.I., and Georgiev, M.I. (2024). Myconoside and calceolarioside E restrain UV-induced skin photoaging by activating NRF2-mediated defense mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042441"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4S\u00e1nchez-D\u00edez, M., Romero-Jim\u00e9nez, P., Alegr\u00eda-Aravena, N., Gavira-O\u2019Neill, C.E., Vicente-Garc\u00eda, E., Quiroz-Troncoso, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Martos, R., Ram\u00edrez-Castillejo, C., and Pastor, J.M. (2025). Assessment of Cell Viability in Drug Therapy: IC50 and Other New Time-Independent Indices for Evaluating Chemotherapy Efficacy. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020247"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"333","article-title":"General cytotoxicity assessment by means of the MTT assay","volume":"Volume 1250","author":"Vinken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Protocols in In Vitro Hepatocyte Research"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00080.x","article-title":"Toxicity parameters for cytotoxicity testing of dental materials in two different mammalian cell lines","volume":"104","author":"Schweikl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2005). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for in Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2005)."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"11","article-title":"Determination of cytotoxic effects of silver diamine fluoride\/potassium iodide agent on human peripheral lymphocytes","volume":"34","author":"Akbaba","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srisomboon, S., Kettratad, M., Stray, A., Pakawanit, P., Rojviriya, C., Patntirapong, S., and Panpisut, P. (2022). Effects of silver diamine nitrate and silver diamine fluoride on dentin remineralization and cytotoxicity to dental pulp cells: An in vitro study. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13010016"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"440","article-title":"Cytotoxicity analysis of human dental pulp stem cells after silver diamine fluoride application","volume":"44","author":"Oropeza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200859","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2020-0859","article-title":"The effect of reduced glutathione on the toxicity of silver diamine fluoride in rat pulpal cells","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4473-6","article-title":"Immortalized gingival fibroblasts as a cytotoxicity test model for dental materials","volume":"23","author":"Illeperuma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.12.1025","article-title":"Comparison of the characteristics of human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells","volume":"66","author":"Ogata","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadl, A., and Leask, A. (2023). Hiding in plain sight: Human gingival fibroblasts as an essential, yet overlooked, tool in regenerative medicine. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12162021"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"152","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of silver diamine fluoride","volume":"32","author":"Fancher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9439096","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9439096","article-title":"An in vitro pilot study on the effects of silver diamine fluoride on periodontal pathogens and three-dimensional scaffolds of human fibroblasts and epithelial cells","volume":"2022","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.06.025","article-title":"Characterization of silver diamine fluoride cytotoxicity using microfluidic tooth-on-a-chip and gingival equivalents","volume":"38","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2025.2590033","article-title":"Silver diamine fluoride, a caries restorative agent, induces cytotoxicity in primary human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"55","author":"Mebin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.16011","article-title":"Capping agent-dependent toxicity and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles: An in vitro study","volume":"13","author":"Niska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"107","article-title":"The cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on human gingival fibroblast cells: An in vitro study","volume":"43","author":"Putthanuparp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mahidol Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorraqu\u00edn-Pe\u00f1a, I., Cueva, C., Gonz\u00e1lez de Llano, D., Bartolom\u00e9, B., and Moreno-Arribas, M.V. (2020). Glutathione-stabilized silver nanoparticles: Antibacterial activity against periodontal bacteria, and cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in oral cells. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100375"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9721736","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9721736","article-title":"Antibacterial, cytotoxic, and cellular mechanisms of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against some cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus)","volume":"2022","author":"Ghabban","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8013","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S189295","article-title":"Selective cytotoxicity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against the MCF-7 tumor cell line and their enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties","volume":"13","author":"Khorrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.03.022","article-title":"Developing biocompatible silver nanoparticles using epigallocatechin gallate for dental use","volume":"102","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/4\/195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:41:13Z","timestamp":1776422473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/4\/195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17040195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17040195","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}