{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:58:49Z","timestamp":1785427129328,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental implants are widely used to replace missing teeth, but peri-implantitis remains a major biological complication associated with bacterial biofilm formation on implant surfaces. The increasing incidence of peri-implant infections underscores the need for alternative antimicrobial strategies that effectively decontaminate complex titanium implant surfaces. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of low-temperature microwave argon plasma on bacteria in an experimental model simulating peri-implant conditions and compared the responses of microorganisms with different biological characteristics. A 3D-printed mandibular bone segment model with an inserted Straumann BLX Roxolid\u00ae dental implant was used to reproduce the peri-implant environment. Bacterial suspensions of Streptococcus mutans NBIMCC 1786 and the extremophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter canadensis NBIMCC 9077 have been exposed to a microwave non-equilibrium argon plasma jet (2.45 GHz, atmospheric pressure) for 1\u20137 min. Optical density measurements and colony growth analysis were used to assess antimicrobial effects. Plasma treatment induced a pronounced reduction in bacterial growth during the early post-treatment period. In C. canadensis, growth inhibition reached a plateau (~47\u201355% at 24 h) regardless of exposure time. In contrast, S. mutans showed a nonlinear response, with stable inhibition after short exposures (1\u20133 min) and partial recovery after longer treatments (5\u20137 min). These findings indicate that microwave argon plasma exhibits significant antimicrobial activity under controlled in vitro conditions, although its effectiveness depends on microorganism-specific biological characteristics. Because the present model was based on simplified single-species systems, direct clinical extrapolation remains limited and should be addressed in future studies using polymicrobial peri-implant biofilm models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17050211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:50:01Z","timestamp":1777618201000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Atmospheric Cold Microwave Argon Plasma for Decontamination of Dental Implant Surfaces: An In Vitro Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todor","family":"Bogdanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, St. Georgi Sofiyski Str. No. 1, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1275-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Radchenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raya","family":"Grozdanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, St. Georgi Sofiyski Str. No. 1, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8302-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitar","family":"Kosturkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, St. Georgi Sofiyski Str. No. 1, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todor","family":"Uzunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, St. Georgi Sofiyski Str. No. 1, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12730","article-title":"Implant treatment after traumatic tooth loss: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2011.00668.x","article-title":"Dental implants and improvement of oral health-related quality of life","volume":"40","author":"Pavel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S158","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12334","article-title":"Peri-implant health and disease: A systematic review of current epidemiology","volume":"42","author":"Derks","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2012.02555.x","article-title":"Peri-implant tissue destruction: The Third EAO Consensus Conference 2012","volume":"23","author":"Klinge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S286","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12957","article-title":"Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop","volume":"45","author":"Berglundh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S304","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0588","article-title":"Peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations","volume":"89","author":"Renvert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01275.x","article-title":"Peri-implant diseases: Diagnosis and risk indicators","volume":"35","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120592","article-title":"The frequency of peri-implant diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Atieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01283.x","article-title":"Peri-implant diseases: Consensus report of the Sixth European Workshop","volume":"35","author":"Lindhe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12562","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors of peri-implantitis: A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Dreyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2007.01397.x","article-title":"Spontaneous progression of ligature-induced peri-implantitis","volume":"18","author":"Berglundh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-0638-6","article-title":"The effect of different surface topographies of titanium implants on bacterial biofilm: A systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","article-title":"The human oral microbiome","volume":"192","author":"Dewhirst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2012.01.009","article-title":"Microbial composition of dental plaque microflora on first molars with orthodontic bands and brackets, and the acidogenic potential of these bacteria","volume":"54","author":"Komori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Microbiocenosis of the oral cavity in orthodontic patients","volume":"32","author":"Zhanabilov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molod. Nauchnyi Zhurnal"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Tishakov, V., Levashev, V., and Borisov, L. (1983). Microbiology, Medicina."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ryan, K.J., and Ray, C.G. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology, McGraw-Hill. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Loesche, W.J. (1996). Microbiology of Dental Decay and Periodontal Disease. Baron\u2019s Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2008\/023770-0","article-title":"A model of efficiency: Stress tolerance by Streptococcus mutans","volume":"154","author":"Lemos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172501299","article-title":"Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159","volume":"99","author":"McShan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.64","article-title":"Serotype classification of Streptococcus mutans and its detection outside the oral cavity","volume":"4","author":"Nakano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12162","article-title":"Acid-adaptive mechanisms of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"32","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.129","article-title":"Acid tolerance mechanisms utilized by Streptococcus mutans","volume":"5","author":"Matsui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.2014suppl.g5.3","article-title":"The therapy of peri-implantitis: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Mombelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12149","article-title":"Treatment of pathologic peri-implant pockets","volume":"76","author":"Renvert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.775255","article-title":"Destruction of oral biofilms on titanium surfaces by cold atmospheric plasma","volume":"29","author":"Idlibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Oost, G. (2022). Basic features of plasmas. Plasma Gasification and Pyrolysis, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003096887"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakudo, A., Yagyu, Y., and Onodera, T. (2019). Disinfection and sterilization using plasma technology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205216"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-9912-3-21","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma: Methods of production and application in dentistry and oncology","volume":"3","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Gas Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.11.027","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma treatment of titanium surfaces","volume":"37","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2019.49.5.319","article-title":"Plasma jet treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873928","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3873928","article-title":"Plasma medicine: Applications of cold atmospheric plasma in dermatology","volume":"2019","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00814-3","article-title":"Biological selectivity and functional aspects of protein tyrosine nitration","volume":"305","author":"Ischiropoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.06.009","article-title":"3-Nitrotyrosine: A biomarker of nitrogen free radical species modified proteins in systemic autoimmunogenic conditions","volume":"74","author":"Ahsan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MCBI.0000041847.63338.b8","article-title":"Nitric oxide and promotion of cardiac myocyte apoptosis","volume":"263","author":"Tran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-4-1443","article-title":"Transfer of Halomonas canadensis and Halomonas israelensis to the genus Chromohalobacter as Chromohalobacter canadensis comb. nov. and Chromohalobacter israelensis comb. nov","volume":"51","author":"Arahal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38828","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38828","article-title":"General calibration of microbial growth in microplate readers","volume":"6","author":"Stevenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/5\/211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:02:01Z","timestamp":1777618921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/5\/211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17050211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17050211","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}