{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:30:35Z","timestamp":1790307035150,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["125M313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125M313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["125M313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125M313"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04w9kkr77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007071","name":"Harran University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["24090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24090"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/057qfs197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing bioactive glasses that simultaneously provide mechanical reliability, cytocompatibility, controlled ion release, and antibacterial functionality remains a major challenge in bone tissue engineering. In this study, borotellurite-based bioactive glasses with the composition (45 \u2212 x)TeO2\u201320Na2O\u201310CaO\u201315P2O5\u201310B2O3\u2013xY2O3 (x = 0\u20137 mol.%) were designed to elucidate the role of Y2O3 in governing composition\u2013structure\u2013property relationships. Structural, thermal, mechanical, ion-release, bioactivity, cytocompatibility, cell-adhesion, and antibacterial properties were systematically evaluated, and the most promising composition was further modified by silver surface coating. Y2O3 incorporation markedly enhanced thermal stability, hardness, and fracture resistance, with hardness reaching 4.317 GPa at 7 mol.%, while the highest compressive strength was achieved at 1 mol.% Y2O3 (67.97 MPa). Importantly, Y2O3 regulated dissolution behavior and mitigated the severe long-term cytotoxicity of the undoped glass, maintaining all doped compositions above the ISO 10993-5 threshold after 30 days. Higher Y2O3 contents also promoted osteoblast adhesion and facilitated bioactive surface layer formation following SBF immersion. No detectable E. coli adhesion was observed, whereas the TBY3 composition exhibited the lowest S. aureus adhesion, further improved by silver coating. These results demonstrate Y2O3 as an effective multifunctional modifier for engineering mechanically robust, biologically favorable, and antibacterial borotellurite bioactive glasses for bone repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17050240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:10:42Z","timestamp":1778505042000},"page":"240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multifunctional Y2O3-Modified Borotellurite Bioactive Glasses for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7913-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmanur","family":"Oruc Ulas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harran University, \u015eanl\u0131urfa 63050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9396-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulent","family":"Aktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harran University, \u015eanl\u0131urfa 63050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abuzer","family":"Acikgoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harran University, \u015eanl\u0131urfa 63050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9791-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serife","family":"Yalcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Harran University, \u015eanl\u0131urfa 63050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6650-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatice Gumushan","family":"Aktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Harran University, \u015eanl\u0131urfa 63050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebru","family":"Uyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Harran University, \u015eanl\u0131urfa 63050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep","family":"Celik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Harran University, \u015eanl\u0131urfa 63050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5240-2","article-title":"Bone substitutes in orthopaedic surgery: From basic science to clinical practice","volume":"25","author":"Campana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067404","article-title":"Third-generation biomedical materials","volume":"295","author":"Hench","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccaccini, A.R., Brauer, D.S., and Hupa, L. (2016). Bioactive Glasses: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications, Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782622017"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.08.023","article-title":"Review of bioactive glass: From Hench to hybrids","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32824","article-title":"Silicate, borosilicate, and borate bioactive glass scaffolds with controllable degradation rate for bone tissue engineering applications. I. Preparation and in vitro degradation","volume":"95","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahaman, M. (2014). Bioactive ceramics and glasses for tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering Using Ceramics and Polymers, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857097163.1.67"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17749","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cp21764j","article-title":"Bioactive glasses as potential radioisotope vectors for in situ cancer therapy: Investigating the structural effects of yttrium","volume":"13","author":"Christie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections","volume":"284","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5408(82)90059-9","article-title":"Infrared-spectral investigation of tellurites","volume":"17","author":"Arnaudov","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1006\/jssc.1997.7499","article-title":"Structural and nonlinear optical characterizations of tellurium oxide-based glasses: TeO2\u2013BaO\u2013TiO2","volume":"132","author":"Sabadel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.111957","article-title":"Tellurium: A new active element for innovative multifunctional bioactive glasses","volume":"123","author":"Miola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/ijac.12873","article-title":"Bioactive sol-gel glasses: Processing, properties, and applications","volume":"15","author":"Baino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3073867","article-title":"Bioactive glass and glass-ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"3","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.004","article-title":"A review of the biological response to ionic dissolution products from bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics","volume":"32","author":"Hoppe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkhoshkhany, N., Marzouk, S., El-Sherbiny, M., Ibrahim, H., Burtan-Gwizdala, B., Alqahtani, M.S., Hussien, K.I., Reben, M., and Yousef, E.S. (2022). Investigation of structural, physical, and attenuation parameters of glass: TeO2-Bi2O3-B2O3-TiO2-RE2O3 (RE: La, Ce, Sm, Er, and Yb), and applications thereof. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155393"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelby, J.E. (2020). Introduction to Glass Science and Technology, Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781839169229"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.04.008","article-title":"Impact of Y2O3 on the structural, optical, radiation shielding, and ligand field parameters of transparent borate glass containing constant CrO3 and high Na2O contents","volume":"48","author":"Sayyed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2012.05.055","article-title":"Influence of Y2O3 on the structure and properties of calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glasses","volume":"1027","author":"Mahdy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12023","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm31561k","article-title":"Integrating biological activity into radioisotope vectors: Molecular dynamics models of yttrium-doped bioactive glasses","volume":"22","author":"Christie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1166\/jbt.2021.2758","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of yttrium-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial activity","volume":"11","author":"Albulym","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2011.09.008","article-title":"Synthesis and in-depth analysis of highly ordered yttrium doped hydroxyapatite nanorods prepared by hydrothermal method and its mechanical analysis","volume":"62","author":"Nathanael","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.021","article-title":"Biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of pure titanium surfaces coated with yttrium-doped hydroxyapatite","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2026.187463","article-title":"Engineering Bioactivity through Calcination in Phosphate-Based Mesoporous Glass\u2013Ceramic Nanoparticles for Bone Regeneration","volume":"1061","author":"Rohitha","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.139019","article-title":"Silver-Doped Bioactive spherical Glass Ceramic Nanoparticles with Enhanced Osteogenic and Antibacterial Properties for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"730","author":"Prasad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra040181","article-title":"Prosthetic-joint infections","volume":"351","author":"Zimmerli","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1746","article-title":"The impact of infection after total hip arthroplasty on hospital and surgeon resource utilization","volume":"87","author":"Bozic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","article-title":"Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms","volume":"15","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20001215)52:4<662::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"52","author":"Feng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02001-07","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"74","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b20158","article-title":"Antimicrobial electrodeposited silver-containing calcium phosphate coatings","volume":"12","author":"Mokabber","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morimoto, T., Hirata, H., Eto, S., Hashimoto, A., Kii, S., Kobayashi, T., Tsukamoto, M., Yoshihara, T., Toda, Y., and Mawatari, M. (2022). Development of silver-containing hydroxyapatite-coated antimicrobial implants for orthopaedic and spinal surgery. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58040519"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00177.x","article-title":"Tellurite: History, oxidative stress, and molecular mechanisms of resistance","volume":"33","author":"Chasteen","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2026.187113","article-title":"Nd2O3 Tailored B2O3\u2013TeO2\u2013Al2O3\u2013Na2O Glasses: Correlating Composition with Structural, Optical, Elastic, and Gamma Shielding Behaviors","volume":"1059","author":"Acikgoz","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1999.tb02272.x","article-title":"Young\u2019s modulus and compositional parameters of oxide glasses","volume":"82","author":"Inaba","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.19-20.11","article-title":"Glass forming ability criterion","volume":"19\u201320","author":"Saad","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2022.121516","article-title":"Effect of Er2O3 on structural, mechanical, and optical properties of Al2O3-Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 glass","volume":"584","author":"Aktas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1981.tb10320.x","article-title":"A critical evaluation of indentation techniques for measuring fracture toughness: I, direct crack measurements","volume":"64","author":"Anstis","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.131.511","article-title":"Mechanical properties of soda-lime-silica glasses with variable peanut shell contents","volume":"131","author":"Aktas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(73)90053-7","article-title":"Direct calculation of Young\u2019s moidulus of glass","volume":"12","author":"Makishima","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(75)90047-2","article-title":"Calculation of bulk modulus, shear modulus and Poisson\u2019s ratio of glass","volume":"17","author":"Makishima","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2025.111799","article-title":"Influence of B2O3 incorporation on the structural, mechanical and radiation shielding properties of TeO2 Based bioglasses","volume":"221","author":"Ulas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017","article-title":"How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?","volume":"27","author":"Kokubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for in Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009)."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.182246","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of TiO2-doped 3Y-ZrO2 ceramics via DLP-3D printing for dental implant applications: Enhanced mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and antibacterial performance","volume":"1037","author":"Aktas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.181895","article-title":"Fabrication of CaSiO3-doped 3Y-ZrO2 ceramics via DLP 3D printing: Structural, mechanical, and biological evaluation","volume":"1036","author":"Aktas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2021.115519","article-title":"Structural, mechanical, radiation shielding properties and albedo parameters of alumina borate glasses: Role of CeO2 and Er2O3","volume":"276","author":"Acikgoz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2023.128672","article-title":"Exploring the radiation shielding properties of B2O3-PbO-TeO2-CeO2-WO3 glasses: A comprehensive study on structural, mechanical, gamma, and neutron attenuation characteristics","volume":"312","author":"Solak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2010.11.103","article-title":"Influence of Y2O3 on structural and optical properties of SiO2\u2013BaO\u2013ZnO\u2013xB2O3\u2013(10\u2212x) Y2O3 glasses and glass ceramics","volume":"357","author":"Kaur","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"192","article-title":"Effect of changing the rare earth cation type on the structure and crystallisation behaviour of an aluminoborosilicate glass","volume":"49","author":"Quintas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Glas.-Eur. J. Glass Sci. Technol. Part B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2012.01.034","article-title":"FTIR spectra of pseudo-binary sodium borate glasses containing TeO2","volume":"1014","author":"Mansour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-3433-8","article-title":"Structural and electronic properties of tellurite glasses","volume":"44","author":"Rada","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1080\/01411594.2012.727998","article-title":"Optical, thermal, and structural properties of Nb2O5\u2013TeO2 and WO3\u2013TeO2 glasses","volume":"86","author":"Kaur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phase Transit."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-016-5711-8","article-title":"Dissolution and drug release profiles of phosphate glasses doped with high valency oxides","volume":"27","author":"Farag","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4314\/ijest.v4i4.3","article-title":"Optical properties of alkaline earth borate glasses","volume":"4","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.116564","article-title":"Role of HfO2 on Modifying the structural, optical, elastic, and mechanical features of boro tellurite glasses","volume":"159","author":"Rasul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.15764\/PCHE.2014.01005","article-title":"UV\u2013visible and infrared absorption spectra of lead boro-phosphate glasses containing lithium oxide","volume":"1","author":"Saudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sop. Trans. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2022.153619","article-title":"The role of TeO2 insertion on the radiation shielding, structural and physical properties of borosilicate glasses","volume":"563","author":"Aktas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2011.05.090","article-title":"Optical band gap and spectroscopic study of lithium alumino silicate glass containing Y3+ ions","volume":"79","author":"Shakeri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2018.07.033","article-title":"Structural and optical properties of cerium oxide doped barium bismuth borate glasses","volume":"499","author":"Barbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, H. (2007). Spectroscopic Ellipsometry: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470060193"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.30.004113","article-title":"Surface-roughness effects on the determination of optical properties of materials by the reflection method","volume":"30","author":"Stagg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.27.105","article-title":"Effect of bleaching on color change and refractive index of dental composite resins","volume":"27","author":"Hubbezoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2017.07.013","article-title":"Physical, structural and optical properties of erbium doped rice husk silicate borotellurite (Er-doped RHSBT) glasses","volume":"472","author":"Umar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/ijag.14163","article-title":"Thermal and crystallization kinetics of yttrium-doped phosphate-based glasses","volume":"11","author":"Arafat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7052","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA07239H","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of the crystallization of Y2O3 and La2O3 doped Li2O\u2013Al2O3\u2013SiO2 glass","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-021-01309-8","article-title":"The impact of Y2O3 on physical and optical characteristics, polarizability, optical basicity, and dispersion parameters of B2O3\u2013SiO2\u2013Bi2O3\u2013TiO2 glasses","volume":"14","author":"Shaaban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18309","article-title":"Exploring the properties of Dy2O3\u2013Y2O3 Co-activated telluro-borate glass: Structural, physical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties","volume":"9","author":"Thabit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2019.04.028","article-title":"Local structure, connectivity and physical properties of glasses in the B2O3-Bi2O3-La2O3-WO3 system","volume":"516","author":"Milanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-021-02134-7","article-title":"Comparison study of elastic, physical and structural properties for strontium oxide and manganese oxide in borotellurite glasses for high strength glass application","volume":"32","author":"Nidzam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2022.121847","article-title":"Effect of Y2O3\/La2O3 on structure and mechanical properties of Li2O\u2013Al2O3\u2013SiO2 glass","volume":"596","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2023.170546","article-title":"Impact of Y2O3 on structural, mechanical and nonlinear optical properties of CrO3-Na2O-B2O3 glasses","volume":"274","author":"Negm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-022-02459-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities of silver doped hydroxyapatite: A novel bioceramic material for dental filling","volume":"32","author":"Elbasuney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12879","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S557649","article-title":"Antimicrobial mechanisms of metal-based nanomaterials","volume":"20","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2025.106934","article-title":"Cytocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticle-decorated hydroxyapatite-coated TiMoNbTa alloy","volume":"72","author":"Escobar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javidan, M., Wang, K., and Moazen, M. (2021). Biomechanical studies of human diaphyseal tibia fracture fixation. Computational Modelling of Biomechanics and Biotribology in the Musculoskeletal System, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819531-4.00014-6"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(75)90075-5","article-title":"The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue","volume":"8","author":"Reilly","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Cui, X., Huang, C., Huang, W., Wang, D., Pan, H., and Rahaman, M.N. (2026, April 08). Structural Characteristics of a Family of Bioactive Glasses Formed by Replacing Varying Amounts of SiO2 in 45S5 Glass with B2O3. SSRN. Available online: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3407085."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820050611","article-title":"Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials","volume":"5","author":"Hench","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0432-z","article-title":"The story of Bioglass\u00ae","volume":"17","author":"Hench","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baino, F., Hamzehlou, S., and Kargozar, S. (2018). Bioactive glasses: Where are we and where are we going?. J. Funct. Biomater., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb9010025"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00242-2","article-title":"Osteoblast adhesion on biomaterials","volume":"21","author":"Anselme","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2005.11.1","article-title":"Mediation of biomaterial\u2013cell interactions by adsorbed proteins: A review","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.01.062","article-title":"Surface chemistry modulates focal adhesion composition and signaling through changes in integrin binding","volume":"25","author":"Keselowsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2406","article-title":"Filopodia: Molecular architecture and cellular functions","volume":"9","author":"Mattila","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.06.010","article-title":"Life at the leading edge","volume":"145","author":"Ridley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3980","article-title":"Harnessing nanotopography and integrin\u2013matrix interactions to influence stem cell fate","volume":"13","author":"Dalby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.12.528","article-title":"Impact of Y2O3 on structure, physico-chemical and mechanical properties of new SnO-B2O3-P2O5 glasses for radioactive waste immobilization","volume":"51","author":"Saleem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2009.06.006","article-title":"Structural, optical and bioactive properties of calcium borosilicate glasses","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2015.01.031","article-title":"Effect of intermediate oxide (Y2O3) on thermal, structural and optical properties of lithium borosilicate glasses","volume":"1086","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsecv.2018.08.001","article-title":"Crystallization characteristics and properties of lithium germanosilicate glass-ceramics doped with some rare earth oxides","volume":"58","author":"Salman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Esp. Cer\u00e1m. Vidr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-023-00463-4","article-title":"Metals to combat antimicrobial resistance","volume":"7","author":"Frei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2159-5","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/5\/240\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:29:22Z","timestamp":1779337762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/5\/240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17050240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17050240","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]}}}