{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:18:08Z","timestamp":1792120688174,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Increasing antifungal resistance, poor mucosal retention, and systemic side effects limit the effectiveness of currently available drugs. This study explores a novel topical nanotherapeutic approach for the targeted treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), employing green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) and incorporating ibrexafungerp citrate (IBC) into a liposomal formulation. Methods: AgNPs were biosynthesized using AN extract and characterized. Liposomes were prepared by thin-film hydration, and optimised using Central Composite design and characterized and optimized. Optimised liposomes, co-loaded with IBC and AN-AgNPs, were incorporated into a Carbopol-CMC-based topical gel. Results: FTIR shifts in the \u2013OH (3332.31 cm\u22121) and carbonyl (1636.87 cm\u22121) bands with reduced intensity confirmed their involvement in Ag+ reduction and nanoparticle surface coordination, while the persistence of the 1015 cm\u22121 band indicated the role of polysaccharides in capping and stabilizing the AN-AgNP. Characterization of the optimized liposomes (IBCL-11) revealed a particle size of 127.2 nm, a zeta potential of \u221243.8 mV, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.35. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed the presence of intact, spherical vesicles, while Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) validated the molecular dispersion and amorphous characteristics of the films. In vitro evaluations of the IBC liposomal gel demonstrated a sustained drug release of 72.6% over 24 h, alongside enhanced drug penetration across all skin layers. Antifungal assays highlighted the formulation\u2019s potent efficacy, yielding Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values below 1 \u00b5g\/mL. Furthermore, the treatments exhibited strong anti-biofilm properties; at MIC and MBC levels, AN-AgNPs achieved biofilm reductions of 45.27 \u00b1 3.16% and 27.62 \u00b1 2.13%, respectively, whereas IBCL-11 produced reductions of 34.25 \u00b1 2.43% and 16.28 \u00b1 1.72%. Conclusion: Ultimately, this study successfully developed an eco-friendly liposomal formulation co-loaded with AN-AgNPs and IBC, offering a promising and targeted therapeutic approach for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17060290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:58:12Z","timestamp":1781053092000},"page":"290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synergistic Liposomal Delivery of Ibrexafungerp Citrate and Marine-Sourced Silver Nanoparticles for Effective Management of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pottabathula","family":"Shyam Sundar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vasantidevi Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Kodoli, Panahala, Kolhapur 416114, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3720-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uday Kumar S.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur 416013, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thombre Pooja","family":"Sarjerao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Vasantidevi Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Kodoli, Panahala, Kolhapur 416114, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somnath D.","family":"Bhinge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krishna Institute of Pharmacy, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Karad 415539, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1469-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil T.","family":"Galatage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Vasantidevi Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Kodoli, Panhala, Kolhapur 416114, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unnam","family":"Sambamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Sree Dattha Institute of Pharmacy, Sheriguda, Ibrahimpatnam, Rangareddy, Hyderabad 501510, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul J.","family":"Kadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vasantidevi Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Kodoli, Panahala, Kolhapur 416114, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9863-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viswas Raja","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy 502294, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8576-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arehalli S.","family":"Manjappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Vasantidevi Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Kodoli, Panhala, Kolhapur 416114, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8","article-title":"Global Burden of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Denning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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