{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1785406527378,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cInstitute for Obesity Research\u201d of Tecnologico de Monterrey"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ayjn504","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SECIHTI","award":["CVU: 1187444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU: 1187444"]}]},{"award":["CVU: 1187444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU: 1187444"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a widely used bioceramic in bone tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility and osteoinductive capacity; however, sustainable low-cost synthesis routes remain a challenge. This study evaluated HAp-polysaccharide composite synthesis from nejayote, the alkaline wastewater of maize nixtamalization, via chemical precipitation with (NH4)3PO4 under controlled and uncontrolled pH, followed by calcination at 550 \u00b0C for 2 or 4 h. Controlled pH synthesis yielded higher solid recovery (89.8% vs. 76.4%), better calcium removal (99.8% vs. 87.4%), and smaller particle sizes (423.6 nm vs. 715.0 nm). XRD and FTIR confirmed HAp formation in both conditions, with crystallinity increasing upon calcination. Monomeric composition analysis revealed co-precipitation of amylose and arabinoxylan-derived polysaccharides in uncalcined samples, progressively eliminated by thermal treatment. Cell viability assays with human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19) confirmed non-cytotoxicity at all concentrations tested (10\u2013633 \u03bcg\/mL). Uncalcined composites synthesized without pH control achieved 126% cell viability at 633 \u03bcg\/mL, surpassing pH-controlled and calcined counterparts (90\u2013100%), suggesting active promotion of osteoblast proliferation, further supported by fluorescence imaging. These results establish nejayote as a viable dual source of calcium and polysaccharides for sustainable HAp composite synthesis with biomedical potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17070322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:01:37Z","timestamp":1783339297000},"page":"322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydroxyapatite-Polysaccharide Composites Synthesized from Maize Lime-Cooking Wastewater for Bone Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8497-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arizbe","family":"Zayas-Olivares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9369-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Franco-Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1575-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria del Refugio","family":"Rocha-Piza\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. 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