{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:18:13Z","timestamp":1792120693164,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dentix Millennium SRL","award":["MySMIS 122040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MySMIS 122040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Peri-implant infections remain a major cause of dental implant failure, largely due to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on implant surfaces. This study aimed to investigate how surface topography influences bacterial colonisation and osteoblastic response. Methods: Titanium discs with machined (Ma), sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched (SLA), and nanostructured (Nano) surfaces were prepared, sterilised, and seeded with pre-differentiated dental follicle mesenchymal stem cells. Co-cultures with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis) were established under CO2-free conditions, and cell\u2013bacteria interactions were evaluated using fluorescence microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Results: Nano surfaces showed the highest osteoblastic adhesion and viability, while significantly reducing bacterial proliferation and biofilm formation compared with Ma and SLA surfaces. The sequence of colonisation influenced cell\u2013bacteria dynamics, with early cell attachment limiting subsequent bacterial adhesion. Conclusions: Nano titanium surfaces may offer a dual benefit by promoting osseointegration while limiting bacterial adhesion. These findings support their potential use as surface modifications to reduce peri-implant infection risk and improve long-term implant success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17070327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:01:37Z","timestamp":1783339297000},"page":"327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Balancing Osseointegration and Infection Control: The Role of Titanium Surface Topography in Peri-Implant Biology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4441-1923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simina Angela L\u0103crimioara","family":"Iu\u0219an","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3377-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana-Gabriela","family":"Fe\u0219til\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana-Codru\u021ba","family":"Miric\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgiana Corina","family":"Mure\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3450-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca-Nausica","family":"Petrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Sori\u021b\u0103u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Biology and Radiobiology, Oncology Institute \u201cProf. Dr. Ion Chiricuta\u201d, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Costache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-5920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan-Alexandru","family":"Toc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7087-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otilia","family":"Andercou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Biology and Radiobiology, Oncology Institute \u201cProf. Dr. Ion Chiricuta\u201d, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Alua\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simion","family":"Bran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drago\u0219","family":"Budei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentix Millennium SRL, 087153 Giurgiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silviu","family":"Albu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"II-nd Department of Otolaryngology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0092-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ondine Patricia","family":"Lucaciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles, D., Brizuela, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Dom\u00ednguez, M., and Gil, J. (2023). Osteoblastic and bacterial response of hybrid dental implants. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14060321"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2023.213311","article-title":"Surface competition between osteoblasts and bacteria on silver-doped bioactive titanium implant","volume":"146","author":"Ginebra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0019-y","article-title":"Implant infections: Adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion","volume":"16","author":"Arciola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"385","article-title":"In Vitro interactions between bacteria, osteoblast-like cells and macrophages in the pathogenesis of biomaterial-associated infections","volume":"100","author":"Subbiahdoss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2015.45","article-title":"Osteoblast integration of dental implant materials after challenge by subgingival pathogens: A co-culture study in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, L., Yang, Y., Yang, S., Fan, Q., Yu, Z., Hu, X.L., James, T.D., He, X.P., and Tang, T. (2018). Preferential colonization of osteoblasts over co-cultured bacteria on a bifunctional biomaterial surface. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02219"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucaciu, O., Sori\u0163\u0103u, O., Gheban, D., Ciuca, D.R., Virtic, O., Vulpoi, A., Dirzu, N., C\u00e2mpian, R., B\u0103ciu\u0163, G., and Popa, C. (2015). Dental follicle stem cells in bone regeneration on titanium implants. BMC Biotechnol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-015-0229-6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-024-00689-6","article-title":"Cell signaling and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511435260","article-title":"Osteoinduction: A review of old concepts with new standards","volume":"91","author":"Miron","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Anderson, H.C. (2009). Bone structure, development and bone biology: Bone pathology. Bone Pathology, Humana Press."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camargo, S.E.A., Roy, T., Carey, P.H., Fares, C., Clark, A.E., and Esquivel-Upshaw, J.F. (2020). Novel coatings to minimize bacterial adhesion and promote osteoblast activity for titanium implants. J. Funct. Biomater., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11020042"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6285620","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6285620","article-title":"Impact of dental implant surface modifications on osseointegration","volume":"2016","author":"Smeets","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000154","article-title":"Implant surface factors and bacterial adhesion: A review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Yeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaatreh, S., Wegner, K., Strau\u00df, M., Pasold, J., Mittelmeier, W., Podbielski, A., Kreikemeyer, B., and Bader, R. (2016). Co-culture of S. epidermidis and human osteoblasts on implant surfaces: An advanced in vitro model for implant-associated infections. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151534"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"139","article-title":"Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.10.008","article-title":"Strong biofilm production, antibiotic multi-resistance and high gelE expression in epidemic clones of Enterococcus faecalis from orthopaedic implant infections","volume":"29","author":"Arciola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-16-00069","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis and dental implants","volume":"43","author":"Flanagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2021-2223","article-title":"Evaluation of Streptococcus oralis adhesion and biofilm formation on laser-processed titanium","volume":"7","author":"Serrano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1, A.M., Mendes, J.M., Silva, A.S., Gon\u00e7alves, M.P., Cardoso, M., and Coelho, C. (2023). Opportunistic pathogens isolated from peri-implant and periodontal subgingival plaque from adjacent teeth. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13169078"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conforte, J.J., Sousa, C.A., da Silva, A.C.R., Ribeiro, A.V., Duque, C., and Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, W.G. (2023). Effect of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm on corrosion kinetics in titanium grade 4 alloys with different surface treatments. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134532"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19484-x","article-title":"Nanostructured titanium surfaces exhibit recalcitrance towards Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68266-1","article-title":"Insight into antibacterial effect of titanium nanotubular surfaces with focus on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"14","author":"Svoboda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37866","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37866","article-title":"The role of implant coronal surface properties on early adhesion of Streptococcus oralis\u2014An in vitro comparative study","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02420.x","article-title":"Identification of early microbial colonizers in human dental biofilm","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blank, E., Grischke, J., Winkel, A., Eberhard, J., Kommerein, N., Doll, K., Yang, I., and Stiesch, M. (2021). Evaluation of biofilm colonization on multi-part dental implants in a rat model. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01665-2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu, A.C., Brambilla, E., Azzola, F., Ottobelli, M., Pellegrini, G., and Francetti, L.A. (2018). Laser microtextured titanium implant surfaces reduce in vitro and in situ oral biofilm formation. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202262"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kligman, S., Ren, Z., Chung, C.H., Perillo, M.A., Chang, Y.C., Koo, H., Zheng, Z., and Li, C. (2021). The impact of dental implant surface modifications on osseointegration and biofilm formation. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081641"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.23-0205","article-title":"Impact of surface characteristics on the peri-implant microbiome in health and disease","volume":"95","author":"Sinjab","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-019-0156-8","article-title":"Effect of dental implant surface roughness in patients with a history of periodontal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Dank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06424-z","article-title":"Bactericidal nanotopography of titanium dental implants: In Vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"29","author":"Gil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/7\/327\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1783344043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/7\/327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17070327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17070327","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}}}