{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:17:55Z","timestamp":1785406675490,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00557225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00557225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-00557225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00557225"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea Fund for Regenerative Medicine","award":["RS-2026-25501219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25501219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the fields of dermatology and skin biomaterials, polynucleotides (PN) and polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN) typically refer to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based polymers or heterogeneous DNA-fragment mixtures rather than ribonucleic acid (RNA) polynucleotides. Recently, plant-derived PN\/PDRN preparations, sourced from callus, adventitious roots, and plant cell culture systems, have emerged as a promising animal-free material class. However, current evidence remains predominantly preclinical and should not be construed as demonstrating clinical equivalence to conventional animal-derived PDRN. This review synthesizes recent reports on plant-derived and other non-animal PN\/PDRN and integrates them with delivery platform evidence relevant to skin biomaterials. We distinguish directly demonstrated findings from plant-derived preparations from inferences drawn from animal-derived PDRN, synthetic sequence-defined nucleic acids, or broader biomaterial delivery literature. The review further emphasizes operational molecular definitions, polymer length and fragment distribution reporting, DNA purity and integrity, RNA carryover, residual nucleoproteins and plant-derived macromolecules, free nucleotide\/nucleoside or degradation product fractions, enzymatic degradation, delivery matrices, and hypothesis-matched controls. Available data suggest overlapping biological signatures with classical PDRN, including keratinocyte repair, fibroblast extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and A2A receptor-associated readouts; however, A2A receptor dependency has not been directly established for most plant-derived PN\/PDRN preparations and should be interpreted as a working mechanistic hypothesis unless perturbation experiments demonstrate pathway dependence. Direct head-to-head studies using matched DNA dose, molecular weight distribution, purity, delivery platform, and exposure conditions remain limited. Accordingly, plant-derived PN\/PDRN should be evaluated as a source\u2013process\u2013structure\u2013platform\u2013function system rather than as a DNA fraction alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17070351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:09:09Z","timestamp":1784527749000},"page":"351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plant-Derived Polynucleotides\/Polydeoxyribonucleotides in Skin Biomaterials: Delivery Platforms and Bioactivity Attribution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3793-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Sphebio Co., Ltd., 501-ho, 3, Achasan-ro 11ga-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04796, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-9381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9954-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghyo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuk Hui","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.T. 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