{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:16:05Z","timestamp":1784556965621,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to verify the morphology, biochemical composition, and thermal characterization of hydrated human amniotic membrane (HAM) processed in an ozonated water hydrodynamic system. This is an in vitro experimental study in which HAM samples were divided into two groups: in natura (IN) and ozonated (O3). Analyses were performed using histology, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA\/DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC\/dDSC). Ozonation for 40 min preserved the biochemical integrity of HAM, maintaining the characteristic vibrational bands of Amides I, II, and III. Histological analysis showed morphological changes in epithelial cells, with partial removal in some regions, while the basement membrane and the scaffold remained preserved. Thermal analysis revealed that the in natura sample presented a bimodal dehydration profile, with a first event occurring between 60 and 65 \u00b0C associated with the evaporation of free or weakly bound water, and a second event peaking around 80 \u00b0C related to the removal of structural water. In contrast, the ozonated HAM exhibited a unimodal profile, with the mass loss peak shifted to approximately 70 \u00b0C. These findings were corroborated by DSC analysis, which showed a reduction in denaturation temperature from approximately 85 \u00b0C in the in natura sample to around 75 \u00b0C in the ozonated sample. The dDSC analysis confirmed the transition from a bimodal to a unimodal behavior after treatment, indicating a reduced energy barrier for protein denaturation and lower thermal stability of the collagen matrix. These results suggest that ozonation promotes alterations in the epithelial layer, which may favor the loss of both free and bound water. It is concluded that processing with ozonated water induces structural modifications, especially in the epithelial layer, and reduces the thermal stability of hydrated HAM without significantly altering the biochemical signature of collagen. This approach shows potential as an alternative method for membrane processing; however, functional evaluations are required to confirm its clinical applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17070352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:18:31Z","timestamp":1784553511000},"page":"352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Hydrodynamic Ozonated Water Processing on the Thermal Stability and Structural Integrity of the Human Amniotic Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marcia Guelma Santos","family":"Belfort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Ensino Superior do Sul do Maranh\u00e3o (IESMA), Unidade de Ensino Superior do Sul do Maranh\u00e3o (Unisulma), Imperatriz 65907-070, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Dimitre Rodrigo Pereira","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estudos em Sa\u00fade e Biol\u00f3gicas (IESB), Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Par\u00e1 (Unifesspa), Marab\u00e1 68507-590, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Tecnologia e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (CIT\u00c9), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maycon Crispim de Oliveira","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Tecnologia e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (CIT\u00c9), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline Casarin dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Tecnologia e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (CIT\u00c9), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Augusto Laurindo Igreja","family":"Marrafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Tecnologia e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (CIT\u00c9), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7576-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Gomes de Oliveira","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Materials Science, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), Imperatriz 65915-060, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Jos\u00e9 de","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Tecnologia e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (CIT\u00c9), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Barrinha","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Tecnologia e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (CIT\u00c9), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sridhar, U., and Tripathy, K. 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