{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:28:40Z","timestamp":1786382920912,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/Y003667\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Y003667\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/X000370\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X000370\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BB\/Y003667\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Y003667\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cwqg982","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BB\/X000370\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X000370\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cwqg982","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/X024210\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X024210\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MR\/X024210\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X024210\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001aqnf71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/W034093\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W034093\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["EP\/W034093\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W034093\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0439y7842","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0187kwz08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare Tissue Bank","award":["R-22003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-22003"]}]},{"award":["R-22003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-22003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bwa4v12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056ffv270","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wales REC3 to release human material for research","award":["22\/WA\/0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/WA\/0214"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral diseases, such as periodontitis, remain a major global concern due to their high incidence and significant morbidity. The principal drivers are bacterial overgrowth and associated inflammation. Bioactive glass of the 45S5 Bioglass\u00ae composition (BG) is known for its remineralising, osteogenic and antibacterial effects via ion release, but its application has been limited in oral environments. In this study, a photocurable GelMA hydrogel was developed as a carrier matrix for BG (1\u201315% w\/v) to obtain synergy between the adhesive properties of the GelMA and the bioactivity of the glass. Incorporation of 10% w\/v BG improved ultimate tensile strength (97 kPa) compared to pure GelMA (58 kPa) and reduced swelling by 18%. The composites showed ~60% higher adhesive strength on collagen sheets than GelMA alone. Tensile bonding strengths reached 54 kPa on collagen sheets and 23 kPa on tooth sections. Lap-shear adhesive strengths were 44 kPa on collagen and 18 kPa on implant metal. In vitro studies confirmed the composite\u2019s biocompatibility with dental pulp stem cells and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, the GelMA\/BG composite presents a multifunctional platform for dental remineralisation with promising mechanical, adhesive and antibacterial performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17080394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:35:16Z","timestamp":1786379716000},"page":"394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA)\/Bioactive Glass Dental Adhesives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2232-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AY, UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4568-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam D.","family":"Celiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2647-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2011.00397.x","article-title":"Principles of periodontology","volume":"61","author":"Dentino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2010.03.090023","article-title":"Recognition and management of common acute conditions of the oral cavity resulting from tooth decay, periodontal disease, and trauma: An update for the family physician","volume":"23","author":"Edwards","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-011-9681-3","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo investigation of drug-eluting implants for the treatment of periodontal disease","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.108","article-title":"The Pathobiology of Periodontal Diseases May Affect Systemic Diseases: Inversion of a Paradigm","volume":"3","author":"Page","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00022.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial strategies for treatment of periodontal diseases","volume":"5","author":"Goodson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.08.023","article-title":"Review of bioactive glass: From Hench to hybrids","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skallevold, H.E., Rokaya, D., Khurshid, Z., and Zafar, M.S. (2019). Bioactive Glass Applications in Dentistry. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235960"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1515\/bglass-2017-0009","article-title":"Long term effects of bioactive glass particulates on dental pulp stem cells in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Gholami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Glasses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200105)55:2<151::AID-JBM1001>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Gene-expression profiling of human osteoblasts following treatment with the ionic products of Bioglass\u00ae 45S5 dissolution","volume":"55","author":"Xynos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2016-0141","article-title":"Differential mineralization of human dental pulp stem cells on diverse polymers","volume":"63","author":"Apel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.07.014","article-title":"Bioactive glass in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in children: Description of four consecutive cases and literature review","volume":"53","author":"Lazzeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, P., Garcia, B.L., and Kotsakis, G.A. (2022). Comparison of antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of bioactive glass compounds S53P4 and 45S5. BMC Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02617-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5985","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.9b00912","article-title":"Injectable Adhesive Hydrogel through a Microcapsule Cross-Link for Periodontitis Treatment","volume":"2","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045","article-title":"Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels","volume":"73","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.03.064","article-title":"Cell-laden microengineered gelatin methacrylate hydrogels","volume":"31","author":"Nichol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e335474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33574","article-title":"The application of hydrogels for enamel remineralization","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.037","article-title":"Functionalization, preparation and use of cell-laden gelatin methacryloyl-based hydrogels as modular tissue culture platforms","volume":"11","author":"Loessner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42186-x","article-title":"Gelatin methacryloyl and its hydrogels with an exceptional degree of controllability and batch-to-batch consistency","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703404","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703404","article-title":"Thiol\u2013Ene Clickable Gelatin: A Platform Bioink for Multiple 3D Biofabrication Technologies","volume":"29","author":"Bertlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44585","DOI":"10.1002\/app.44585","article-title":"Comparative study of visible light polymerized gelatin hydrogels for 3D culture of hepatic progenitor cells","volume":"134","author":"Greene","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00149","article-title":"New Visible-Light Photoinitiating System for Improved Print Fidelity in Gelatin-Based Bioinks","volume":"2","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.07.032","article-title":"A highly elastic tissue sealant based on photopolymerised gelatin","volume":"31","author":"Elvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900098","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201900098","article-title":"Visible Light Cross-Linking of Gelatin Hydrogels Offers an Enhanced Cell Microenvironment with Improved Light Penetration Depth","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2308171","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308171","article-title":"Sequential-Crosslinking Fibrin Glue for Rapid and Reinforced Hemostasis","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.009","article-title":"Interpenetrating networks based on gelatin methacrylamide and PEG formed using concurrent thiol click chemistries for hydrogel tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"35","author":"Daniele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20230860","article-title":"Modification of extracellular matrix proteins by oxidants and electrophiles","volume":"52","author":"Chuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Liu, M., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Chen, Y., Li, J., Wang, H., and Li, X. (2021). Adhesive Tissue Engineered Scaffolds: Mechanisms and Applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.683079"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.03.029","article-title":"Sequentially-crosslinked biomimetic bioactive glass\/gelatin methacryloyl composites hydrogels for bone regeneration","volume":"89","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13449-7","article-title":"Fabrication and characterizations of 3D printed GelMA-Gel\/bioactive glass scaffolds containing cerium for bone damage repair","volume":"15","author":"Jalilinejad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.106159","article-title":"Synthesis of Silanized Bioactive Glass\/Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA\/Si-BG) composite hydrogel for Bone Tissue Engineering Application","volume":"147","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5122","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00583","article-title":"Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA)-45S5 Bioactive Glass (BG) Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering: 3D Extrusion Printability and Cytocompatibility Assessment Using Human Osteoblasts","volume":"10","author":"Akhtar","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, N., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, X., Li, J., and Wang, Y. (2022). 3D-printed mesoporous bioactive glass\/GelMA biomimetic scaffolds for osteogenic\/cementogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.950970"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbani, F., Sahranavard, M., Nejad, Z.M., Li, D., Zamanian, A., and Yu, B. (2020). Surface Functionalization of Three Dimensional-Printed Polycaprolactone-Bioactive Glass Scaffolds by Grafting GelMA Under UV Irradiation. Front. Mater., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.528590"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00932C","article-title":"Evaluation of techniques used for visualisation of hydrogel morphology and determination of pore size distributions","volume":"4","author":"Jayawardena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duta, L., Stan, G.E., Popescu-Pelin, G., Zgura, I., Anastasescu, M., and Oktar, F.N. (2022). Influence of Post-Deposition Thermal Treatments on the Morpho-Structural, and Bonding Strength Characteristics of Lithium-Doped Biological-Derived Hydroxyapatite Coatings. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12121883"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices, Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity, 3rd ed (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009)."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices, Part 12: Sample Preparation and Reference Materials (Standard No. ISO 10993-12:2021)."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1557\/s43578-022-00706-y","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of Bomidin-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel for periodontal application","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03275-4","article-title":"Injectable hydrogels with ROS-triggered drug release enable the co-delivery of antibacterial agent and anti-inflammatory nanoparticle for periodontitis treatment","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, H., Zhu, M., Wang, Y., Luo, L., Ye, Q., and Lee, B.H. (2023). Physical properties and cellular responses of gelatin methacryloyl bulk hydrogels and highly ordered porous hydrogels. Front. Soft Matter, 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/frsfm.2022.1101680"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.05.070","article-title":"Mechanisms of pore formation in hydrogel scaffolds textured by freeze-drying","volume":"94","author":"Grenier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2005.01.002","article-title":"Effect of cationic size on gelation temperature and properties of gelatin hydrogels","volume":"35","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2021.109194","article-title":"The evolution of the structure and mechanical properties of fully bioresorbable polymer-glass composites during degradation","volume":"218","author":"Oosterbeek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.08.207","article-title":"Mechanical performance of novel bioactive glass containing dental restorative composites","volume":"29","author":"Khvostenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025033","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/adbb90","article-title":"Enhanced gelatin methacryloyl nanohydroxyapatite hydrogel for high-fidelity 3D printing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"17","author":"Naolou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Chen, Y., He, H., Zhou, X., and Chen, N. (2025). Structure and Property Evolution of Microinjection Molded PLA\/PCL\/Bioactive Glass Composite. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17070991"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2985655","article-title":"Reentrant phase diagram and pH effects in cross-linked gelatin gels","volume":"129","author":"Abete","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.10776","article-title":"Photopolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate: Effect of the medium properties on the polymerization rate","volume":"41","author":"Valdebenito","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-019-0168-0","article-title":"A novel dual-adhesive and bioactive hydrogel activated by bioglass for wound healing","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.11.025","article-title":"Characterization of natural and synthetic casings and mechanism of BaP penetration in smoked meat products","volume":"51","author":"Ledesma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto, M.E.V., Medeiros, R.P., Shearer, A., Fook, M.V.L., Montazerian, M., and Mauro, J.C. (2023). Gelatin and Bioactive Glass Composites for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202212.0115.v1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.12.005","article-title":"Dentin primer based on a highly functionalized gelatin-methacryloyl hydrogel","volume":"39","author":"Alia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2021.12.001","article-title":"Role of the smear layer in adhesive dentistry and the clinical applications to improve bonding performance","volume":"58","author":"Saikaew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, S., Per\u0161in, Z., Vuherer, T., Drstven\u0161ek, I., and Kokol, V. (2020). The effect of Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface structure on the adhesion and morphology of unidirectional freeze-coated gelatin. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10050434"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, S., Akeda, K., Shintani, S.A., Sudo, A., and Matsushita, T. (2022). Drug-Releasing Gelatin Coating Reinforced with Calcium Titanate Formed on Ti\u20136Al\u20134V Alloy Designed for Osteoporosis Bone Repair. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12020139"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Lu, X., Zheng, X., Li, Y.R., Geng, X., Sun, K., Cai, H., Jia, Q., Jiang, H.B., and Liu, K. (2023). Modification of titanium orthopedic implants with bioactive glass: A systematic review of in vivo and in vitro studies. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1269223"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb3020327","article-title":"Calcium Phosphate Growth at Electropolished Titanium Surfaces","volume":"3","author":"Ajami","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazem, N.E., El-Refai, D.A., and Alian, G. (2024). Assessment of physical properties of bioactive glass-modified universal multimode adhesive and its bonding potential to artificially induced caries affected dentin. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04175-z"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212302","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202212302","article-title":"A Nonswelling Hydrogel with Regenerable High Wet Tissue Adhesion for Bioelectronics","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20575-z","article-title":"An enduring in vitro wound healing phase recipient by bioactive glass-graphene oxide nanocomposites","volume":"12","author":"Nandhakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-024-02907-2","article-title":"pH-regulated single cell migration","volume":"476","author":"Stock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcg. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.05.019","article-title":"Tackling bioactive glass excessive in vitro bioreactivity: Preconditioning approaches for cell culture tests","volume":"75","author":"Ciraldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hohenbild, F., Arango-Ospina, M., Moghaddam, A., Boccaccini, A.R., and Westhauser, F. (2020). Preconditioning of bioactive glasses before introduction to static cell culture: What is really necessary?. Methods Protoc., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/mps3020038"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00173-3","article-title":"Interactions of bioactive glasses with osteoblasts in vitro: Effects of 45S5 Bioglass, and 58S and 77S bioactive glasses on metabolism, intracellular ion concentrations and cell viability","volume":"22","author":"Silver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.08.082","article-title":"Spherical bioactive glass particles and their interaction with human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Labbaf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6794.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06354-1","article-title":"The interfacial pH of acidic degradable polymeric biomaterials and its effects on osteoblast behavior","volume":"7","author":"Ruan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3217-8","article-title":"Alkaline biodegradable implants for osteoporotic bone defects\u2014Importance of microenvironment pH","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2012.04.016","article-title":"The Mechanostability of Isolated Focal Adhesions Is Strongly Dependent on pH","volume":"19","author":"Beaumont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.01.006","article-title":"The effect of calcium ion concentration on osteoblast viability, proliferation and differentiation in monolayer and 3D culture","volume":"26","author":"Maeno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.02.044","article-title":"Combinatorial effect of Si4+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ released from bioactive glasses on osteoblast osteocalcin expression and biomineralization","volume":"33","author":"Tousi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3936-5","article-title":"A porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering\/45S5 Bioglass\u00ae derived porous scaffolds for co-culturing osteoblasts and endothelial cells","volume":"21","author":"Deb","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-3143-1","article-title":"Bactericidal effects of bioactive glasses on clinically important aerobic bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Munukka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drago, L., Toscano, M., and Bottagisio, M. (2018). Recent evidence on bioactive glass antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity: A mini-review. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11020326"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh, P.D. (2006). Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community: Implications for health and disease. BMC Oral Health, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S14"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunick, C.G., Keri, J., Tanaka, S.K., Furey, N., Damiani, G., Johnson, J.L., and Grada, A. (2021). Antibacterial mechanisms and efficacy of sarecycline in animal models of infection and inflammation. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040439"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krasowska, A., and Sigler, K. (2014). How microorganisms use hydrophobicity and what does this mean for human needs?. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00112"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2005.10.003","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli is stimulated by synergistic interactions and co-adhesion mechanisms with adherence-proficient bacteria","volume":"157","author":"Castonguay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0019-y","article-title":"Implant infections: Adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion","volume":"16","author":"Arciola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19562","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b04269","article-title":"Fewer Bacteria Adhere to Softer Hydrogels","volume":"7","author":"Kolewe","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2005.09.010","article-title":"Alkaline pH homeostasis in bacteria: New insights","volume":"1717","author":"Padan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.12.070","article-title":"Recent advances in hydrogel-based anti-infective coatings","volume":"85","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"14924","article-title":"Effectiveness of liquorice gel as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled, clinical and microbiological trial","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/187885","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of a local drug delivery system using Blue\u00aeM gel and Gengigel\u00ae as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis patients","volume":"63","author":"Nudrath","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2337","article-title":"Periodontitis: A polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Darveau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140561","article-title":"An injectable gelatin methacrylate containing surface-imprinted chitosan-modified bioglass microspheres for potential periodontitis treatment","volume":"302","author":"Khademi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"184","article-title":"Borosilicate bioactive glass synergizing low-dose antibiotic loaded implants to combat bacteria through ATP disruption and oxidative stress to sequentially achieve osseointegration","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2022.12.008","article-title":"Urinary pH and antibiotics, choose carefully. A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Ordaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Actas Urol. Esp."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Zhou, Y., Kang, J., Yang, H., Lin, J., and Fang, B. (2023). Alkaline arginine promotes the gentamicin-mediated killing of drug-resistant Salmonella by increasing NADH concentration and proton motive force. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1237825"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/8\/394\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:39:15Z","timestamp":1786379955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/8\/394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17080394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17080394","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}