{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:30:51Z","timestamp":1786595451054,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014903","name":"Osteo Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s7b0a75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","award":["R01DE031872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE031872"]}]},{"award":["R01DE031872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE031872"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004a2wv92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Critical-sized bone defects remain a significant clinical challenge, and dipyridamole (DIPY)-coated 3D-tricalcium phosphate (\u03b2-TCP) scaffolds have shown promising osteogenic efficacy in preclinical models. However, the literature on the systematic physicochemical characterization of this scaffold system, including optimization of DIPY loading parameters, release kinetics, and surface properties, is lacking. This study addresses these gaps by characterizing DIPY-loaded 3D-printed \u03b2-TCP scaffolds across solid and porous architectures, three coating concentrations (10, 100, and 1000 \u00b5M), and three coating volumes (250, 500, and 1000 \u00b5L). Under static PBS conditions, drug release over 21 days was quantifiable only at 1000 \u00b5M, and release-kinetics modeling (zero-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas) was therefore restricted to this highest concentration. At 1000 \u00b5M, both scaffold types showed biphasic release profiles, with standard empirical models reasonably approximating the overall kinetics, while not fully capturing the biphasic behavior over the entire duration. Porous scaffolds showed significant volume-dependent release (p = 0.002, \u03b72 = 0.88), attributable to drug penetration into the interconnected macropore network, whereas solid scaffolds displayed volume-independent release confined to external surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy revealed concentration-dependent needle-shaped DIPY crystal deposition while contact angle measurements indicated no significant changes in surface hydrophilicity. MTT assay demonstrated biocompatibility at all concentrations, with viability influenced by coating volume rather than drug concentration. These findings establish a foundational physicochemical framework for DIPY-loaded \u03b2-TCP scaffolds, providing the baseline data necessary to guide subsequent biological evaluation and translational efforts toward critical-sized craniofacial and orthopedic bone defect repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17080396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:30:32Z","timestamp":1786465832000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dipyridamole-Coated 3D-Printed \u03b2-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds: Spectrophotometric Characterization, Drug Release Kinetics, and In Vitro Evaluation to Guide Critical-Sized Bone Defect Repair Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Purva","family":"Rasane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials and Regenerative Biology Division, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2739-0339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasudev Vivekanand","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4492-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lahiru Chamara","family":"Weerasinghe Arachchige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Parc Valrose, 06107 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6739-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeinab Fotouhi","family":"Ashin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharath","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venu","family":"Varanasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriaki","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8198-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Witek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials and Regenerative Biology Division, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"},{"name":"Hansj\u00f6rg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000978","article-title":"Size Matters: Defining Critical in Bone Defect Size!","volume":"31","author":"Schemitsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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