{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:28:33Z","timestamp":1786537713226,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone augmentation procedures are widely used in implant dentistry to reconstruct deficient alveolar bone and support implant placement. However, outcomes are often evaluated mainly by defect filling, volumetric stability, or implant survival, which do not necessarily reflect the biological quality of regenerated tissue. This narrative review synthesizes human and supporting mechanistic evidence across autogenous, allogeneic, xenogeneic, and alloplastic grafts, including biologically functionalized constructs, with emphasis on bone remodeling dynamics and functional regeneration. Available evidence indicates that volumetric preservation alone should not be considered equivalent to complete bone regeneration and that remodeling is material-, product-, processing-, and indication-dependent. Augmented sites may contain newly formed vital bone together with persistent residual graft particles, forming a hybrid tissue whose significance depends on graft integration, vascularization, remodeling capacity, and the intended therapeutic objective. Persistent particles may influence the local immune microenvironment and, under unfavorable conditions, contribute to foreign body reactions or other complications, although such events appear uncommon and causal relationships remain uncertain. Biomaterial assessment should integrate quantitative, structural, and biological parameters, while residual graft persistence should be interpreted in an indication-specific manner rather than as evidence of treatment failure or inferior long-term performance in isolation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17080398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:02:11Z","timestamp":1786532531000},"page":"398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Bone Remodeling Dynamics and Bone Vitality Following Standard Bone Augmentation Procedures: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6784-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Gapi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Quantitative and Natural Sciences, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Weteran\u00f3w 18, 20-038 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"\u015amielecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centrum Stomatologii \u015amieleccy, Osiedle W\u0142adys\u0142awa \u0141okietka 33, 62-200 Gniezno, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornel","family":"Krasny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDICARE Stomatologia sp. z o.o., Mireckiego 13a\/11, 05-300 Mi\u0144sk Mazowiecki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancini, L., Romandini, M., Fratini, A., Americo, L.M., Panda, S., and Marchetti, E. (2021). Biomaterials for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Regeneration. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123319"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/181532","article-title":"Advancements in Alveolar Bone Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Bone Block Utilization in Dental Practice","volume":"61","author":"Hnitecka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13421","article-title":"Lip and Oral Cancer, Caries and Other Oral Conditions: Estimates from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study and Projections up to 2050","volume":"60","author":"Romandini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13337","article-title":"Burden of Severe Periodontitis and Edentulism in 2021, with Projections up to 2050: The Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study","volume":"59","author":"Nascimento","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haugen, H.J., Sanz, J., Perale, G., Saiz, A.M., Romandini, M., and Rahmati, M. (2026). Bone Grafts: Everything You Need to Know. J. Periodontal Res., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.70087"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12829","article-title":"The Outcomes of Auto-transplanted Premolars in the Anterior Maxilla Following Traumatic Dental Injuries","volume":"39","author":"Albalooshy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13816","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Soft-tissue Augmentation on Tissue Preservation at Immediate Implant Sites: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2022.10.008","article-title":"Comparative Effects of Different Materials on Alveolar Preservation","volume":"81","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/cap.10239","article-title":"Clinical Protocol Selection for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation at Sites Exhibiting Slight, Moderate, and Severe Horizontal Ridge Deficiencies","volume":"13","author":"Vargas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Adv. Periodontics"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"66","article-title":"The Sinus Lift Procedure Applied in Cases Where the Thickness of the Alveolar Bone Is Insufficient Using Double PRF as Well as in the Case of an Intrasinus Mucocele","volume":"15","author":"Mitrea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rom. J. Oral. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12551","article-title":"The Development of Non-resorbable Bone Allografts: Biological Background and Clinical Perspectives","volume":"94","author":"Miron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraz, M.P. (2023). Bone Grafts in Dental Medicine: An Overview of Autografts, Allografts and Synthetic Materials. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16114117"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.06.014","article-title":"Malfunction of Bone Marrow-Derived Osteoclasts and the Delay of Bone Fracture Healing in Diabetic Mice","volume":"47","author":"Kasahara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, J., Monteiro, F.J., and Ferraz, M.P. (2022). Bioengineering Approaches to Fight against Orthopedic Biomaterials Related-Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911658"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1066-z","article-title":"Collagen Cross-Links as a Determinant of Bone Quality: A Possible Explanation for Bone Fragility in Aging, Osteoporosis, and Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Saito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbae093","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbae093","article-title":"The Role of Collagen and Crystallinity in the Physicochemical Properties of Naturally Derived Bone Grafts","volume":"11","author":"Orlando","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13708","article-title":"Guided Bone Regeneration of Chronic Non-contained Bone Defects Using a Volume Stable Porous Block TiO2 Scaffold: An Experimental In Vivo Study","volume":"32","author":"Thieu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso-Fern\u00e1ndez, I., Haugen, H.J., Nogueira, L.P., L\u00f3pez-\u00c1lvarez, M., Gonz\u00e1lez, P., L\u00f3pez-Pe\u00f1a, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Cantalapiedra, A., and Mu\u00f1oz-Guz\u00f3n, F. (2024). Enhanced Bone Healing in Critical-Sized Rabbit Femoral Defects: Impact of Helical and Alternate Scaffold Architectures. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.0801.v1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-012-4612-8","article-title":"A Novel Bioactive Vitroceramic Presents Similar Biological Responses as Autogenous Bone Grafts","volume":"23","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.2906","article-title":"A Comparison of the Healing Capabilities of Various Grafting Materials in Critical-Size Defects in Guinea Pig Calvaria","volume":"28","author":"Mostaghni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-9-18","article-title":"Bone Regenerative Medicine: Classic Options, Novel Strategies, and Future Directions","volume":"9","author":"Oryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"335","article-title":"HVC Ridge Deficiency Classification: A Therapeutically Oriented Classification","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2014.09.011","article-title":"Bone Graft Substitute","volume":"32","author":"Shibuya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S980","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_808_21","article-title":"A Comparison of Xenograft Graft Material and Synthetic Bioactive Glass Allograft in Immediate Dental Implant Patients","volume":"14","author":"Goutam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-024-00544-z","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of Particulate Bovine Bone Substitutes for Oral Regeneration: A Narrative Review","volume":"10","author":"Pabst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-012-9689-z","article-title":"Role and Regulation of Vascularization Processes in Endochondral Bones","volume":"92","author":"Maes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37693","article-title":"In Vivo Healing of Low Temperature Deproteinized Bovine Bone Xenograft in a Rabbit Cranial Model","volume":"112","author":"Abdelmoneim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12376","article-title":"Osteoclast-like Cells on Deproteinized Bovine Bone Mineral and Biphasic Calcium Phosphate: Light and Transmission Electron Microscopical Observations","volume":"26","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.1469","article-title":"Long-Term Bony Integration and Resorption Kinetics of a Xenogeneic Bone Substitute After Sinus Floor Augmentation: Histomorphometric Analyses of Human Biopsy Specimens","volume":"33","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.2003.140316.x","article-title":"Ten-year Follow-up in a Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Using Anorganic Bovine Bone (Bio-Oss). A Case Report with Histomorphometric Evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Sartori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.01099.x","article-title":"Deproteinized Cancellous Bovine Bone (Bio-Oss\u00ae) as Bone Substitute for Sinus Floor Elevation: A Retrospective, Histomorphometrical Study of Five Cases","volume":"30","author":"Tadjoedin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"835","article-title":"Bone Reactions to Anorganic Bovine Bone (Bio-Oss) Used in Sinus Augmentation Procedures: A Histologic Long-Term Report of 20 Cases in Humans","volume":"14","author":"Piattelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13670","article-title":"The Fence Technique: Autogenous Bone Graft versus 50% Deproteinized Bovine Bone Matrix \/ 50% Autogenous Bone Graft\u2014A Clinical Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"31","author":"Merli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5222","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00609","article-title":"Bioactive Materials for Bone Regeneration: Biomolecules and Delivery Systems","volume":"9","author":"Urbaniak","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, \u00c9.R., Nie, L., Podstawczyk, D., Allahbakhsh, A., Ratnayake, J., Brasil, D.L., and Shavandi, A. (2021). Advances in Growth Factor Delivery for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020903"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczewski, C.J., and Saul, J.M. (2018). Biomaterials for the Delivery of Growth Factors and Other Therapeutic Agents in Tissue Engineering Approaches to Bone Regeneration. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00513"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0361","article-title":"American Academy of Periodontology Best Evidence Consensus Statement on the Use of Biologics in Clinical Practice","volume":"93","author":"Ambruster","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0069","article-title":"Efficacy of Biologics for Alveolar Ridge Preservation\/Reconstruction and Implant Site Development: An American Academy of Periodontology Best Evidence Systematic Review","volume":"93","author":"Monje","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i5.10","article-title":"Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Challenges","volume":"40","author":"Amini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"371","article-title":"A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Autogenous Bone versus Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Graft Alone for Bilateral Sinus Elevation: Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Huys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-21-00310","article-title":"Bone Graft Osseous Changes After Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Alhajj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation with Autogenous Bone Graft Compared with a Composite Grafting Material or Bone Substitute Alone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Assessing Volumetric Stability of the Grafting Material","volume":"12","author":"Deluiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-17-00053","article-title":"Human Studies of Vertical and Horizontal Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Comparing Different Types of Bone Graft Materials: A Systematic Review","volume":"44","author":"Chavda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.06.015","article-title":"Complications Following Autologous Bone Graft Harvesting from the Iliac Crest and Using the RIA: A Systematic Review","volume":"42","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13380","article-title":"Comparison of Allogeneic and Autogenous Bone Grafts for Augmentation of Alveolar Ridge Defects\u2014A 12-month Retrospective Radiographic Evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Kloss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05615-4","article-title":"Clinical Insights into Traumatic Injury of the Inferior Alveolar and Lingual Nerves: A Comprehensive Approach from Diagnosis to Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"28","author":"Heimes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.13242","article-title":"Comparison of Morbidity-related Parameters between Autologous and Allogeneic Bone Grafts for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation from Patients\u2019 Perspective\u2014A Questionnaire-based Cohort Study","volume":"26","author":"Heimes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Rel. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2011.00382.x","article-title":"Clinical Similarities and Histological Diversity Comparing Fresh Frozen Onlay Bone Blocks Allografts and Autografts in Human Maxillary Reconstruction","volume":"15","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Rel. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.09.007","article-title":"Volume Changes of Autogenous Bone after Sinus Lifting and Grafting Procedures: A 6-Year Computerized Tomographic Follow-Up","volume":"41","author":"Sbordone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieberman, J.R., and Friedlaender, G.E. (2005). Biology of Bone Grafts. Bone Regeneration and Repair, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1385\/1592598633"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4161\/org.23306","article-title":"Bone Grafts, Bone Substitutes and Orthobiologics: The Bridge between Basic Science and Clinical Advancements in Fracture Healing","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200203000-00020","article-title":"Bone-Grafting and Bone-Graft Substitutes","volume":"84","author":"Finkemeier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg.-Am. Vol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B5.19039","article-title":"Bone Allografts: What They Can Offer and What They Cannot","volume":"89-B","author":"Delloye","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. Vol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000165850.58583.50","article-title":"Allograft Bone Decreases in Strength In Vivo over Time","volume":"435","author":"Wheeler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Older, M.W.J. (1992). Natural History of Autografts and Allografts. Bone Implant Grafting, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-1934-0"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.11374","article-title":"Healing Following Ridge Preservation Using Demineralized Allograft Particles or Fibers Alone, and Combined with Xenograft","volume":"97","author":"Foster","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Comparison of Magnesium-Enriched Hydroxyapatite and Porcine Bone in Human Extraction Socket Healing: A Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Crespi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02308.x","article-title":"Comparative Histological Results of Different Biomaterials Used in Sinus Augmentation Procedures: A Human Study at 6 Months","volume":"23","author":"Iezzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2008.01582.x","article-title":"Differential Effects of Bone Graft Substitutes on Regeneration of Bone Marrow","volume":"19","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2011.01.007","article-title":"Applicability of Equine Hydroxyapatite Collagen (eHAC) Bone Blocks for Lateral Augmentation of the Alveolar Crest. A Histological and Histomorphometric Analysis in Rats","volume":"40","author":"Zecha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1563\/AAID-JOI-D-11-00061","article-title":"Anorganic Bovine-Derived Hydroxyapatite vs \u03b2-Tricalcium Phosphate in Sinus Augmentation: A Comparative Histomorphometric Study","volume":"38","author":"Kurkcu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2008.01536.x","article-title":"Clinical and Histologic Comparison of Two Different Composite Grafts for Sinus Augmentation: A Pilot Clinical Trial","volume":"19","author":"Mesa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Structural and Chemical Features of Xenograft Bone Substitutes: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies","volume":"68","author":"Amid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2017.47.6.388","article-title":"Physicochemical Characterization of Porcine Bone-Derived Grafting Material and Comparison with Bovine Xenografts for Dental Applications","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleynik, D.Y., Zhivtscov, O.P., Yudin, V.V., Kovylin, R.S., Komarov, R.N., Charykova, I.N., Linkova, D.D., Rubtsova, Y.P., Guseva, M.S., and Vasyagina, T.I. (2024). Specifics of Porous Polymer and Xenogeneic Matrices and of Bone Tissue Regeneration Related to Their Implantation into an Experimental Rabbit Defect. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16081165"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2020.01.007","article-title":"Porous Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Abbasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2018.09.003","article-title":"Bone Grafting Materials in Dentoalveolar Reconstruction: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"55","author":"Titsinides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Yang, R., Cooper, P.R., Khurshid, Z., Shavandi, A., and Ratnayake, J. (2021). Bone Grafts and Substitutes in Dentistry: A Review of Current Trends and Developments. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26103007"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.03.008","article-title":"Lateral Ridge Augmentation with Bio-Oss Alone or Bio-Oss Mixed with Particulate Autogenous Bone Graft: A Systematic Review","volume":"46","author":"Aludden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trajkovski, B., Jaunich, M., M\u00fcller, W.-D., Beuer, F., Zafiropoulos, G.-G., and Houshmand, A. (2018). Hydrophilicity, Viscoelastic, and Physicochemical Properties Variations in Dental Bone Grafting Substitutes. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11020215"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falacho, R.I., Palma, P.J., Marques, J.A., Figueiredo, M.H., Caramelo, F., Dias, I., Viegas, C., and Guerra, F. (2021). Collagenated Porcine Heterologous Bone Grafts: Histomorphometric Evaluation of Bone Formation Using Different Physical Forms in a Rabbit Cancellous Bone Model. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051339"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarano, A., De Oliveira, P.S., Traini, T., and Lorusso, F. (2018). Sinus Membrane Elevation with Heterologous Cortical Lamina: A Randomized Study of a New Surgical Technique for Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation without Bone Graft. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081457"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, R., Wohlers, A., Shreffler, J., Mulinti, P., Ostlie, H., Schaper, C., Brooks, B., and Brooks, A. (2020). An Antibiotic-Releasing Bone Void Filling (ABVF) Putty for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13225080"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"263","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Using Bone Graft, Hydroxyapatite Coralline (Biocoral\u00ae) and Porous Polyethylene (Medpor\u00ae) Implants for Cranioplasty in a Rat Model of Cranial Bone Defect","volume":"30","author":"Okumus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, A.M., Marinelli, G., Trilli, I., Del Vecchio, G., Di Noia, A., Inchingolo, F., Del Fabbro, M., Palermo, A., Inchingolo, A.D., and Dipalma, G. (2025). A Histological and Clinical Evaluation of Long-Term Outcomes of Bovine Bone-Derived Xenografts in Oral Surgery: A Systematic Review. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16090321"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotsu, M., Apaza Alccayhuaman, K.A., Ferri, M., Iezzi, G., Piattelli, A., Fortich Mesa, N., and Botticelli, D. (2022). Osseointegration at Implants Installed in Composite Bone: A Randomized Clinical Trial on Sinus Floor Elevation. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13010022"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2011.00407.x","article-title":"Risk of Prion Disease Transmission through Bovine-Derived Bone Substitutes: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Rel. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001420","article-title":"Autograft, Allograft, and Bone Graft Substitutes: Clinical Evidence and Indications for Use in the Setting of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery","volume":"33","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2174\/157488808786733962","article-title":"Tissue Engineered Bone Grafts: Biological Requirements, Tissue Culture and Clinical Relevance","volume":"3","author":"Grayson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32600","article-title":"Proliferation and Mineralization of Bone Marrow Cells Cultured on Macroporous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Functionalized with Collagen Type I for Bone Tissue Regeneration","volume":"95A","author":"Teixeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(13)70019-6","article-title":"Use of Bone Graft Substitutes in the Management of Tibial Plateau Fractures","volume":"44","author":"Goff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090034","article-title":"Influence of Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor on Lateral Ridge Augmentation Using Biphasic Calcium Phosphate and Guided Bone Regeneration: A Histomorphometric Study in Dogs","volume":"80","author":"Schwarz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S571","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20020502-05","article-title":"The Role of the Osteoconductive Scaffold in Synthetic Bone Graft","volume":"25","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"87","article-title":"Bone Grafting and Substitutes in Spine Surgery","volume":"56","author":"Cabraja","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S561","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20020502-04","article-title":"Limitations of Autograft and Allograft: New Synthetic Solutions","volume":"25","author":"Betz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.10.038","article-title":"Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Stimulated by Strontium-Substituted Calcium Silicate Ceramics: Release of Exosomal miR-146a Regulates Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170056","article-title":"Bioceramics and Bone Healing","volume":"3","author":"Ginebra","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13058","article-title":"Bone Grafts: Which Is the Ideal Biomaterial?","volume":"46","author":"Haugen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoro, A., Voto, A., Fortino, L., Guida, R., Laudisio, C., Cillo, M., and D\u2019Ursi, A.M. (2025). Bone Defect Treatment in Regenerative Medicine: Exploring Natural and Synthetic Bone Substitutes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073085"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.05.036","article-title":"In Vitro Degradation Rate of Apatitic Calcium Phosphate Cement with Incorporated PLGA Microspheres","volume":"7","author":"Leeuwenburgh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-130875","article-title":"Microencapsulated rBMMSCs\/Calcium Phosphate Cement for Bone Formation In Vivo","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bio-Med. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13123","article-title":"Biomaterials and Regenerative Technologies Used in Bone Regeneration in the Craniomaxillofacial Region: Consensus Report of Group 2 of the 15th European Workshop on Periodontology on Bone Regeneration","volume":"46","author":"Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00607","article-title":"Biocompatibility Pathways: Biomaterials-Induced Sterile Inflammation, Mechanotransduction, and Principles of Biocompatibility Control","volume":"3","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.12.003","article-title":"Guidance for Evaluating Biomaterials\u2019 Properties and Biological Potential for Dental Pulp Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Research","volume":"41","author":"Rosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2015.02.004","article-title":"Advancing Biomaterials of Human Origin for Tissue Engineering","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4248\/BR201303002","article-title":"Bone Regeneration Based on Tissue Engineering Conceptions\u2014A 21st Century Perspective","volume":"1","author":"Henkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08014","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202508014","article-title":"Biodegradable Medical Implants: Reshaping Future Medical Practice","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00219-8","article-title":"Bone Remodeling: An Operational Process Ensuring Survival and Bone Mechanical Competence","volume":"10","author":"Bolamperti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-004-0254-7","article-title":"Healing of Human Intrabony Defects Following Regenerative Periodontal Therapy with a Bovine-Derived Xenograft and Guided Tissue Regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Sculean","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002","article-title":"Porosity of 3D Biomaterial Scaffolds and Osteogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Karageorgiou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00121-6","article-title":"Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering Bone and Cartilage","volume":"21","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.3.1.49","article-title":"Bone Graft Substitutes","volume":"3","author":"Laurencin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.3390\/polym7101500","article-title":"Comparative Efficacies of a 3D-Printed PCL\/PLGA\/\u03b2-TCP Membrane and a Titanium Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration in Beagle Dogs","volume":"7","author":"Shim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2012.02522.x","article-title":"Long-term Outcome of Implants Placed with Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) Using Resorbable and Non-resorbable Membranes after 12\u201314 Years","volume":"24","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-023-00491-1","article-title":"Radiographic and Histological Evaluation of Bone Formation Induced by rhBMP-2-Incorporated Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Material in Clinical Alveolar Sockets Preservation","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01270.x","article-title":"Assessment of the Potential of Growth Factors for Localized Alveolar Ridge Augmentation: A Systematic Review","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2024.04.002","article-title":"Potential Role of BMP7 in Regenerative Dentistry","volume":"74","author":"Aryal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"161","article-title":"Recombinant Human Platelet\u2013Derived Growth Factor: A Systematic Review of Clinical Findings in Oral Regenerative Procedures","volume":"6","author":"Tavelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"JDR Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzi, C., Leggeri, A., Cammarota, I., Carosi, P., Mazzetti, V., and Arcuri, C. (2024). Hyaluronic Acid in Bone Regeneration: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dent. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12080263"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0516","article-title":"Bone Marrow Concentrate and Bovine Bone Mineral for Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Controlled, Randomized, Single-Blinded Clinical and Histological Trial\u2014Per-Protocol Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Sauerbier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitriou, R., Jones, E., McGonagle, D., and Giannoudis, P.V. (2011). Bone Regeneration: Current Concepts and Future Directions. BMC Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-66"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04151206","article-title":"Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology","volume":"3","author":"Clarke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wawrzyniak, A., and Balawender, K. (2022). Structural and Metabolic Changes in Bone. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151946"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200210","article-title":"Review on Material Parameters to Enhance Bone Cell Function In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"48","author":"Madsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24170","article-title":"Cellular Biology of Fracture Healing","volume":"37","author":"Bahney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.49_13643","article-title":"Vitality of Retromolar Bone Grafts\u2014A Critical Appraisal of the Current Histomorphometric Approach","volume":"31","author":"Stricker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogova, V.-V., Peev, S., Yotsova, R., Gerova-Vatsova, T., and Parushev, I. (2024). Histomorphometric Assessment of Non-Decalcified Plastic-Embedded Specimens for Evaluation of Bone Regeneration Using Bone Substitute Materials\u2014A Systematic Review. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18010119"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarnieri, R., Belleggia, F., DeVillier, P., and Testarelli, L. (2018). Histologic and Histomorphometric Analysis of Bone Regeneration with Bovine Grafting Material after 24 Months of Healing. A Case Report. J. Funct. Biomater., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb9030048"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12402","article-title":"Histomorphometric Results of Different Grafting Materials and Effect of Healing Time on Bone Maturation after Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Engebretson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"2642","article-title":"Histochemical and Morphological Aspects of Fresh Frozen Bone: A Preliminary Study","volume":"60","author":"Cutroneo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuksel, I.B., Altiparmak, F., Gurses, G., Akti, A., Alic, M., and Tuna, S. (2025). Radiographic Evidence of Immature Bone Architecture After Sinus Grafting: A Multidimensional Image Analysis Approach. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15141742"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_200_23","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Bone Density after Implant Placement Using Cone-Beam CT Analysis in Augmented versus Non-Augmented","volume":"15","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl. J. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2019.05.004","article-title":"Do Osteoconductive Bone Substitutes Result in Similar Bone Regeneration for Maxillary Sinus Augmentation When Compared to Osteogenic and Osteoinductive Bone Grafts? A Systematic Review and Frequentist Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Alkhutari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavassieux, P., and Chapurlat, R. (2022). Interest of Bone Histomorphometry in Bone Pathophysiology Investigation: Foundation, Present, and Future. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.907914"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"e64262","article-title":"Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography","volume":"190","author":"Wee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"294","article-title":"Bone Histomorphometry Revisited","volume":"37","author":"Vidal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol. Port."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt534","article-title":"Microcomputed Tomography: Approaches and Applications in Bioengineering","volume":"5","author":"Boerckel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12507","article-title":"Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemical Assessment of RUNX2 and VEGF of BiogranTM and Autogenous Bone Graft in Human Maxillary Sinus Bone Augmentation: A Prospective and Randomized Study","volume":"19","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Rel. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200568","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2020-0568","article-title":"The New Bone Formation in Human Maxillary Sinuses Using Two Bone Substitutes with Different Resorption Types Associated or Not with Autogenous Bone Graft: A Comparative Histomorphometric, Immunohistochemical and Randomized Clinical Study","volume":"29","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, G., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Wang, X., Tan, Z., and Ye, X. (2021). Recent Trends in the Development of Bone Regenerative Biomaterials. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.665813"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., and Kang, J. (2026). Bone Grafts and Synthetic Substitutes in Dental Applications: A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Materials Evolution, and Clinical Perspective. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1759864"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.11.056","article-title":"Biocompatibility and Resorption of a Brushite Calcium Phosphate Cement","volume":"26","author":"Theiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7913","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8115430","article-title":"Mechanisms of In Vivo Degradation and Resorption of Calcium Phosphate Based Biomaterials","volume":"8","author":"Sheikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez Fern\u00e1ndez, M.P., Gehrke, S.A., P\u00e9rez Albacete Martinez, C., Calvo Guirado, J.L., and de Aza, P.N. (2017). SEM-EDX Study of the Degradation Process of Two Xenograft Materials Used in Sinus Lift Procedures. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201703.0212.v1"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgeanu, V.A., Gingu, O., Antoniac, I.V., and Manolea, H.O. (2023). Current Options and Future Perspectives on Bone Graft and Biomaterials Substitutes for Bone Repair, from Clinical Needs to Advanced Biomaterials Research. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13148471"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5240-2","article-title":"Bone Substitutes in Orthopaedic Surgery: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice","volume":"25","author":"Campana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2010.01939.x","article-title":"Histological and Histomorphometrical Analyses of Biopsies Harvested 11 Years after Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation with Deproteinized Bovine and Autogenous Bone","volume":"21","author":"Mordenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100282","article-title":"Osteoinduction, Osteoconduction and Osseointegration","volume":"10","author":"Albrektsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.12671\/jmt.2025.00248","article-title":"Current Concepts and Applications of Bone Graft Substitutes in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"38","author":"Cho","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.07.029","article-title":"Bone Substitutes: An Update","volume":"36","author":"Giannoudis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0073-y","article-title":"Effect of the Nano\/Microscale Structure of Biomaterial Scaffolds on Bone Regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.09.008","article-title":"Design and Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"32","author":"Denry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roi, A., Ardelean, L.C., Roi, C.I., Boia, E.-R., Boia, S., and Rusu, L.-C. (2019). Oral Bone Tissue Engineering: Advanced Biomaterials for Cell Adhesion, Proliferation and Differentiation. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12142296"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todd, E.A., Mirsky, N.A., Silva, B.L.G., Shinde, A.R., Arakelians, A.R.L., Nayak, V.V., Marcantonio, R.A.C., Gupta, N., Witek, L., and Coelho, P.G. (2024). Functional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Materials, Methods, and Future Directions. J. Funct. Biomater., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15100280"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v026a09","article-title":"Cell-Scaffold Interactions in the Bone Tissue Engineering Triad","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wu, D., Zhao, X., Pakvasa, M., Tucker, A.B., Luo, H., Qin, K.H., Hu, D.A., Wang, E.J., and Li, A.J. (2020). Stem Cell-Friendly Scaffold Biomaterials: Applications for Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.598607"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbaa006","article-title":"Osteoimmunomodulatory Effects of Biomaterial Modification Strategies on Macrophage Polarization and Bone Regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2022.116389","article-title":"From Hurdle to Springboard: The Macrophage as Target in Biomaterial-Based Bone Regeneration Strategies","volume":"159","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gou, M., Wang, H., Xie, H., and Song, H. (2024). Macrophages in Guided Bone Regeneration: Potential Roles and Future Directions. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1396759"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512966","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1512966","article-title":"Research Progress of Macrophages in Bone Regeneration","volume":"2023","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"595","article-title":"Dynamic Degradation Patterns of Porous Polycaprolactone\/\u03b2-Tricalcium Phosphate Composites Orchestrate Macrophage Responses and Immunoregulatory Bone Regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/JBBTE.18.85","article-title":"Osteoconduction and Bioresorption of Bone Allograft versus Anorganic Bovine Bone Xenograft: A Histomorphometric Study in Humans","volume":"18","author":"Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomim. Biomater. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reich, K.M., Beck, F., Heimel, P., Lettner, S., Redl, H., Ulm, C., and Tangl, S. (2022). Bone Graft Packing and Its Association with Bone Regeneration in Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentations: Histomorphometric Analysis of Human Biopsies. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11101431"},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Rowe, P., Koller, A., and Sharma, S. (2026). Physiology, Bone Remodeling. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00190-4","article-title":"Mechanical Regulation of Bone Remodeling","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Gehrke, S., Maz\u00f3n, P., Calvo-Guirado, J., and De Aza, P. (2017). Implant Stability of Biological Hydroxyapatites Used in Dentistry. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201706.0004.v1"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210602115010392","article-title":"Applications of Finite Element in Implant Dentistry and Oral Rehabilitation","volume":"15","author":"Dam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2015.11.004","article-title":"Osteoimmunomodulation for the Development of Advanced Bone Biomaterials","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman, S.B., Pajarinen, J., Yao, Z., and Lin, T. (2019). Inflammation and Bone Repair: From Particle Disease to Tissue Regeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00230"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5671","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8095269","article-title":"Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials","volume":"8","author":"Sheikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariani, E., Lisignoli, G., Borz\u00ec, R.M., and Pulsatelli, L. (2019). Biomaterials: Foreign Bodies or Tuners for the Immune Response?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030636"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolvien, T., Barbeck, M., Wenisch, S., Amling, M., and Krause, M. (2018). Cellular Mechanisms Responsible for Success and Failure of Bone Substitute Materials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102893"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.3.517","article-title":"Foreign Body Granuloma Following Placement of Hard Tissue Replacement Material: A Case Report","volume":"71","author":"Girard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.060475","article-title":"Foreign Body Reaction to Anorganic Bovine Bone and Autogenous Bone with Platelet-Rich Plasma in Guided Bone Regeneration","volume":"79","author":"Bannister","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_494_20","article-title":"The Migration of the Bovine-Derived Xenograft Particles: A Case Series","volume":"26","author":"Nowzari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Indian. Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"5283720","article-title":"Delayed Foreign Body Granuloma Following Sinus Augmentation with Deproteinized Bovine Bone: A Case Report","volume":"2026","author":"Mayer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13424","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.13424","article-title":"Biomechanical Basis for Bone Healing and Osseointegration of Implants in Sinus Grafts","volume":"27","author":"Stacchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Rel. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12532","article-title":"Emerging Factors Affecting Peri-implant Bone Metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Insua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-020-00274-2","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Peri-Implantitis Risk Factors","volume":"7","author":"Hashim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Oral Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alterman, M., Jensen, O.T., Glick, P.L., Mazor, D., and Casap, N. (2023). Dental Implant Risk Factors for Peri-Implant Disease: A Narrative Review. Front. Oral Maxillofac. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.21037\/fomm-21-100"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duttenhoefer, F., Souren, C., Menne, D., Emmerich, D., Sch\u00f6n, R., and Sauerbier, S. (2013). Long-Term Survival of Dental Implants Placed in the Grafted Maxillary Sinus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Modalities. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075357"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finze, R., Laubach, M., Russo Serafini, M., Kneser, U., and Medeiros Savi, F. (2023). Histological and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Osteoimmunological Processes in Scaffold-Guided Bone Regeneration in an Ovine Large Segmental Defect Model. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.1566.v1"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, W.Y.C., Wang, F., and Leung, Y.Y. (2026). CBCT Assessment for Dental Implant Surgery at the Maxilla: A Clinical Update. Diagnostics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16030479"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.14342","article-title":"A 3D Micro-CT Assessment of Composition and Structure of Bone Tissue after Vertical and Horizontal Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Using CAD\/CAM-Customized Titanium Mesh","volume":"35","author":"Cucchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chagas J\u00fanior, O.L., Kreisner, P.E., and De Azambuja Carvalho, P.H. (2022). A Method for Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Volumetric Evaluation of Lyophilized Bovine Bone Block for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation: A Retrospective Study. Front. Oral Maxillofac. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.21037\/fomm-21-44"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.05.011","article-title":"Grafted Bone Remodeling Following Transcrestal Sinus Floor Elevation: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study","volume":"44","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8850664","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8850664","article-title":"Comparison of Histological, Clinical, and Radiographic Outcomes of Postextraction Ridge Preservation by Allogenic Bone Grafting with and Without Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"2024","author":"Mashhadiabbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.262055039","article-title":"Imaging Characteristics of Bone Graft Materials","volume":"26","author":"Beaman","year":"2006","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53686-w","article-title":"Customized Three-Dimensional Printed Ceramic Bone Grafts for Osseous Defects: A Prospective Randomized Study","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010candrli\u0107, M., Peri\u0107 Ka\u010darevi\u0107, \u017d., Ivani\u0161evi\u0107, Z., Tomas, M., V\u010dev, A., Faj, D., and Matijevi\u0107, M. (2020). Histological and Radiological Features of a Four-Phase Injectable Synthetic Bone Graft in Guided Bone Regeneration: A Case Report. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010206"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2306","article-title":"Biomarkers as Independent Predictors of Bone Regeneration around Biomaterials: A Systematic Review of Literature","volume":"19","author":"Albeshri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2013.e10","article-title":"Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Procedures through Equine-Derived Biomaterial or Calvaria Autologous Bone: Immunohistochemical Evaluation of OPG\/RANKL in Humans","volume":"57","author":"Vinci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2023.1625","article-title":"Strategies for In Situ Tissue Engineering of Vascularized Bone Regeneration (Review)","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"244","article-title":"Modulating Macrophage Activities to Promote Endogenous Bone Regeneration: Biological Mechanisms and Engineering Approaches","volume":"6","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozza, B., Pesce, P., Baldi, D., Bagnasco, F., Migliorati, M., and De Angelis, N. (2025). Synthetic Biomaterials for Alveolar Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18235328"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-017-0087-1","article-title":"Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Collagen Containing Xenogeneic Bone Blocks Used for Lateral Bone Augmentation in Staged Implant Placement","volume":"3","author":"Suarez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Pace, R., Molinari, S., Mazzoni, E., and Perale, G. (2025). Bone Regeneration: A Review of Current Treatment Strategies. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061838"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khijmatgar, S., Del Fabbro, M., Tumedei, M., Testori, T., Cenzato, N., and Tartaglia, G.M. (2023). Residual Bone Height and New Bone Formation after Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Procedure Using Biomaterials: A Network Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16041376"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2012.02431.x","article-title":"Histological Results after Maxillary Sinus Augmentation with Straumann\u00ae BoneCeramic, Bio-Oss\u00ae, Puros\u00ae, and Autologous Bone. A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"24","author":"Schmitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, F., Gouveia, S.A., Pozza, D.H., Felino, A.C., and Faria-Almeida, R. (2023). A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Implants Placed in Two Different Biomaterials Used for Maxillary Sinus Augmentation. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16031220"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2009.01877.x","article-title":"Maxillary Sinus Augmentation with Autologous Bone Harvested from the Lateral Maxillary Wall Combined with Bovine-derived Hydroxyapatite: Clinical and Histologic Observations","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2010.07.036","article-title":"Scintigraphic, Histologic, and Histomorphometric Analyses of Bovine Bone Mineral and Autogenous Bone Mixture in Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Randomized Controlled Trial\u2014Results After 4 Months of Healing","volume":"69","author":"Urhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12143","article-title":"A Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial of Two Different Compositions of Deproteinized Bovine Bone and Autogenous Bone Used for Lateral Ridge Augmentation","volume":"25","author":"Mordenfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.163924.1","article-title":"Comparison of Xenograft and Allograft Bone Graft for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Preparation Prior to Dental Implantation: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Abushama","year":"2025","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.13179","article-title":"Deproteinized Bovine Bone and Freeze-dried Bone Allograft in Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Kungvarnchaikul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Rel. Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12950","article-title":"Three-dimensional Analysis of Dimensional Changes after Alveolar Ridge Preservation with Bone Substitutes or Plasma Rich in Growth Factors: Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"23","author":"Stumbras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Rel. Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2014.12.009","article-title":"Clinical and Histologic Outcomes of Socket Grafting after Flapless Tooth Extraction: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials","volume":"113","author":"Jambhekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12288","article-title":"Alveolar Ridge Preservation Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Histological and Histomorphometrical Data","volume":"26","author":"Clementini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-21-00012","article-title":"A Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation of an Allograft, Xenograft, and Alloplast Graft for Alveolar Ridge Preservation in Humans: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"48","author":"Zampara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.6166","article-title":"Alveolar Ridge Preservation Procedures Performed with a Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft: Histologic Outcomes in a Cohort Study: Part I","volume":"43","author":"Iezzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"685","article-title":"Alveolar Ridge Preservation Procedures Performed with Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft: Clinical and Histologic Outcomes in a Case Series: Part II","volume":"44","author":"Barone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04248-1","article-title":"Dimensional and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Biomaterials Used for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Canullo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.2913","article-title":"Alterations in Bone Quality After Socket Preservation with Grafting Materials: A Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514541127","article-title":"Effect of Alveolar Ridge Preservation after Tooth Extraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"93","author":"Elangovan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomas, M., Karl, M., \u010candrli\u0107, M., Matijevi\u0107, M., Juzba\u0161i\u0107, M., Peloza, O.C., Radeti\u0107, A.T.J., Kui\u0161, D., Vidakovi\u0107, B., and Ivani\u0161evi\u0107, Z. (2023). A Histologic, Histomorphometric, and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Anorganic Bovine Bone and Injectable Biphasic Calcium Phosphate in Humans: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065539"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9489825","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9489825","article-title":"Histologic and Histomorphometric Comparison between Sintered Nanohydroxyapatite and Anorganic Bovine Xenograft in Maxillary Sinus Grafting: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"2017","author":"Stacchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02384.x","article-title":"Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation of a Synthetic Bone Substitute for Maxillary Sinus Grafting in Humans","volume":"24","author":"Tosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-025-00636-4","article-title":"New Bone Formation of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Material: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)","volume":"11","author":"Somngam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesce, P., Menini, M., Canullo, L., Khijmatgar, S., Modenese, L., Gallifante, G., and Del Fabbro, M. (2021). Radiographic and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Biomaterials Used for Lateral Sinus Augmentation: A Systematic Review on the Effect of Residual Bone Height and Vertical Graft Size on New Bone Formation and Graft Shrinkage. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214996"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070476","article-title":"Bone Formation Following Implantation of Bone Biomaterials into Extraction Sites","volume":"79","author":"Molly","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0149","article-title":"Comparing the Histological Assessment Following Ridge Preservation Using a Composite Bovine-derived Xenograft versus an Alloplast Hydroxyapatite-sugar Cross-linked Collagen Matrix","volume":"93","author":"Mealey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12035","article-title":"Histological Evaluation at Different Times after Augmentation of Extraction Sites Grafted with a Magnesium-enriched Hydroxyapatite: Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"24","author":"Canullo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2002.73.1.94","article-title":"Histological Comparison of Healing Extraction Sockets Implanted with Bioactive Glass or Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft: A Pilot Study","volume":"73","author":"Froum","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1810610","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes of rhBMP-2-Loaded Collagen Sponge for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Pilot Study","volume":"20","author":"Thammanichanon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.70025","article-title":"Bone Augmentation of Atrophic Alveolar Ridges Using a Synthetic Bone Substitute with Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"36","author":"Sanz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"CD010176","article-title":"Interventions for Replacing Missing Teeth: Alveolar Ridge Preservation Techniques for Dental Implant Site Development","volume":"2015","author":"Atieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_656_18","article-title":"The Long-Term Risks and Complications of Bovine-Derived Xenografts: A Case Series","volume":"23","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041731418776819","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731418776819","article-title":"Bone Substitutes: A Review of Their Characteristics, Clinical Use, and Perspectives for Large Bone Defects Management","volume":"9","author":"Keller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/8\/398\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:31:48Z","timestamp":1786534308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/17\/8\/398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":218,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb17080398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17080398","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}