{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T04:26:35Z","timestamp":1786854395798,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanical compatibility between dental restorative materials and the natural tooth structure is a relevant factor for long-term clinical performance. Although zirconia (yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal, Y-TZP) and lithium disilicate are widely used for full-coverage crowns, their biomechanical interaction with the underlying dentin and pulp under functional loading remains insufficiently characterized. This study reports a comparative finite element analysis (FEA) of a mandibular first molar under vertical (200 N, axial) and oblique (200 N, 30\u00b0) loading, evaluating three configurations: an intact healthy tooth, a zirconia Y-TZP full-coverage crown, and a lithium disilicate full-coverage crown. The three-dimensional geometry was obtained from a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) study of a caries-free mandibular first molar, previously described and verified by the present group, and was analyzed in ANSYS Workbench (Static Structural). Von Mises equivalent stress, maximum principal stress and total deformation were obtained for enamel or restoration, dentin, and pulp in each configuration. Zirconia produced the highest stress concentrations in the coronal restoration (88.4 MPa vertical; 174.5 MPa oblique), exceeding the healthy enamel baseline by 57.6% and 89.7%, respectively. Both restorative materials reduced dentin stress relative to the healthy tooth, consistent with the stress-shielding effect driven by elastic-modulus mismatch. Under oblique loading, the maximum principal stress in healthy enamel reached 61.7 MPa, approaching or exceeding the upper bound of the reported tensile strength range (~10\u201340 MPa) and identifying oblique loading as the more demanding of the two conditions analyzed. Within the limitations of the present finite element model, lithium disilicate demonstrated a more favorable stress distribution, with dentin stress values closer to the intact-tooth baseline. The model does not include a luting cement layer, a periodontal ligament, the dentin\u2013enamel junction, anisotropic tissue behavior or cyclic loading, and no experimental validation was performed; the results are therefore presented as a controlled numerical comparison between three configurations under the specific conditions simulated, and not as direct clinical selection criteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17080404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:48:36Z","timestamp":1786722516000},"page":"404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution in Healthy and Restored Mandibular Molars with Zirconia and Lithium Disilicate Crowns Under Vertical and Oblique Loading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-5140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Alicia","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Mecatr\u00f3nica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Avenida Mexiquense sin N\u00famero Esquina Avenida Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica, Colonia Villa Esmeralda, Tultitl\u00e1n 54910, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Latinoamericana Campus Norte, Cumbres de Acultzingo 3, Fraccionamiento Los Pirules, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8261-2427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Arturo","family":"Marquet-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Comercio y Administraci\u00f3n Unidad Tepepan, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Anillo Perif\u00e9rico Sur Manuel G\u00f3mez Mor\u00edn 4863, Colonia Ampliaci\u00f3n Tepepan, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 16020, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica Unidad Culhuac\u00e1n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Avenida Santa Ana 1000, San Francisco Culhuac\u00e1n, Colonia Culhuac\u00e1n CTM V, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio Alejandro","family":"Mastache-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Energ\u00eda y Movilidad, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Avenida Wilfrido Massieu sin N\u00famero, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"},{"name":"MARMAS Soluciones en Ingenier\u00eda e Investigaci\u00f3n, Matagalpa 1021A, Residencial Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07369, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina Gabriela","family":"Madrigal-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica Unidad Culhuac\u00e1n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Avenida Santa Ana 1000, San Francisco Culhuac\u00e1n, Colonia Culhuac\u00e1n CTM V, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04440, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica y Qu\u00edmica Te\u00f3rica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Escolar sin N\u00famero, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7528-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Adriana","family":"Rivera-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Comercio y Administraci\u00f3n Unidad Tepepan, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Anillo Perif\u00e9rico Sur Manuel G\u00f3mez Mor\u00edn 4863, Colonia Ampliaci\u00f3n Tepepan, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 16020, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00010-6","article-title":"Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial","volume":"20","author":"Piconi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarone, F., Di Mauro, M.I., Ausiello, P., Ruggiero, G., and Sorrentino, R. 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