{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:26:40Z","timestamp":1787052400167,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction between restorative materials and microbial biofilms plays an important role in restoration longevity and the development of secondary caries. This study aimed to perform a multidimensional characterization of four commercially available flowable resin-based dental composites by evaluating their surface roughness, Vickers microhardness, surface morphology, and microbial biofilm formation under standardized in vitro conditions. Filtek\u2122 Bulk Fill Flowable Restorative (3M), Tetric EvoFlow (Ivoclar Vivadent), BRILLIANT Flow (Coltene), and G-\u00e6nial\u2122 Universal Injectable (GC) were investigated. Surface roughness was determined by contact profilometry, microhardness was assessed using the Vickers method, and microstructural characteristics were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microbial biofilm biomass formed by Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans, including both reference strains and clinical isolates, was quantified using a crystal violet assay to compare material-dependent microbial colonization. G-\u00e6nial\u2122 Universal Injectable exhibited the lowest roughness values, whereas BRILLIANT Flow showed the highest microhardness. SEM analysis revealed a more homogeneous surface morphology for Filtek\u2122 Bulk Fill Flowable Restorative and G-\u00e6nial\u2122 Universal Injectable, while Tetric EvoFlow and BRILLIANT Flow displayed increased topographical heterogeneity. Although modest differences in biofilm biomass accumulation were observed among the investigated composites (4.37\u201312.21% relative biomass reduction compared with the control), no material demonstrated a distinct advantage under the experimental conditions. The integrated evaluation of surface roughness, microhardness, surface morphology, and microbial biofilm formation provides a comparative characterization of commercially available flowable resin-based composites and contributes to a better understanding of material\u2013biofilm interactions. These findings may support the future development of multifunctional restorative biomaterials with improved biofilm-modulating properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17080413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T10:22:52Z","timestamp":1787048572000},"page":"413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidimensional Characterization of Surface Properties and Microbial Biofilm Formation in Commercial Flowable Resin-Based Dental Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7543-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Floare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, 300040 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Department I, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otilia Cornelia","family":"Bolos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dento-Facial Aesthetics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6548-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, 300040 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Department I, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marioara Nicoleta","family":"Caraba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"ANAPATMOL Research Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0197-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iasmina-M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Petculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Manufacturing, Faculty of Mechanics, Politehnica University, 300222 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5905-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Opris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Manufacturing, Faculty of Mechanics, Politehnica University, 300222 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9946-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavia","family":"Balean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, 300040 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Department I, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1686-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Bolchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, 300040 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Department I, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9991-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Ioana","family":"Todor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 Pia\u021ba 1 Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Elena","family":"Savencu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prostheses Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, 9 Revolutiei 1989 Blv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atena","family":"Galuscan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, 300040 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Department I, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timisoara, 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