{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:21:24Z","timestamp":1787570484679,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implant-associated infections remain a major challenge in bone-related biomedical applications, where bacterial colonization and biofilm formation can compromise tissue integration and clinical performance. This study reports the mechanochemical synthesis, physicochemical characterization, antimicrobial activity, antibiofilm performance, and short-term fibroblast cytocompatibility of a TiO2-containing bovine-derived biogenic hydroxyapatite ceramic composite (BHAp-TiO2). The composite was prepared by high-energy mechanical milling using 10 wt% TiO2 and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. XRD\/Rietveld analysis identified a multiphase ceramic composite composed of hydroxyapatite, whitlockite, and rutile TiO2, with no evidence of Ti4+ substitution into the hydroxyapatite lattice or detectable anatase within the XRD\/Rietveld detection limit. SEM-EDS confirmed the granular agglomerated morphology of the powders and the elemental presence of Ti in BHAp-TiO2. Compared with pristine BHAp, BHAp-TiO2 produced a concentration-dependent reduction in AlamarBlue\u00ae-derived bacterial metabolic activity against five clinically relevant planktonic strains. At 200 \u00b5g\/mL, residual metabolic activity decreased to 10.90\u201332.90%, depending on the bacterial species, with the strongest response observed for Escherichia coli. In crystal violet assays, BHAp-TiO2 markedly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm biomass, reaching 91.9 \u00b1 3.4% inhibition at 200 \u00b5g\/mL. In NIH\/3T3 fibroblasts, BHAp-TiO2 preserved short-term cytocompatibility after 24 h of direct exposure within the 0.1\u2013100 \u00b5g\/mL range, with MTT- and AlamarBlue\u00ae-derived responses remaining close to or above the 80% cytotoxicity limit. Overall, BHAp-TiO2 is best interpreted as a rutile TiO2-containing biogenic calcium phosphate ceramic composite with enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm performance while maintaining short-term fibroblast cytocompatibility under the evaluated conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:07:53Z","timestamp":1787566073000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanochemical Synthesis of a TiO2-Containing Biogenic Hydroxyapatite Ceramic Composite: Balancing Antibiofilm Efficacy and Fibroblast Cytocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8877-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennys","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Conde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Quer\u00e9taro, P.O. Box 1-798, Quer\u00e9taro 76001, Mexico"},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00eda Mecatr\u00f3nica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Quer\u00e9taro, Carretera Estatal 420 S\/N, El Marqu\u00e9s 76240, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2717-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eneftali","family":"Flores-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Quer\u00e9taro, P.O. Box 1-798, Quer\u00e9taro 76001, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0753-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tushar Janardan","family":"Pawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00eda Mecatr\u00f3nica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Quer\u00e9taro, Carretera Estatal 420 S\/N, El Marqu\u00e9s 76240, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad An\u00e1huac Quer\u00e9taro, Circuito Universidades I, Fracci\u00f3n 2 S\/N, Zibat\u00e1, El Marqu\u00e9s 76246, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica M.","family":"Castillo-Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Quer\u00e9taro, P.O. Box 1-798, Quer\u00e9taro 76001, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Rafael","family":"Alanis-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Divisi\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad An\u00e1huac Quer\u00e9taro, Circuito Universidades I, Fracci\u00f3n 2 S\/N, Zibat\u00e1, El Marqu\u00e9s 76246, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario E.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nanotecnolog\u00eda, Centro de F\u00edsica Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Campus Juriquilla, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6354-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Delgado-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana, Blvd. Av. Ruiz Cortines No. 455 Fracc. Costa Verde, Boca del R\u00edo, Veracruz 94294, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2287-7041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad An\u00e1huac Quer\u00e9taro, Circuito Universidades I, Fracci\u00f3n 2 S\/N, Zibat\u00e1, El Marqu\u00e9s 76246, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Divisi\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad An\u00e1huac Quer\u00e9taro, Circuito Universidades I, Fracci\u00f3n 2 S\/N, Zibat\u00e1, El Marqu\u00e9s 76246, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8939-6731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Bon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Quer\u00e9taro, P.O. 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