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Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Complex patient-specific bone defects remain difficult to reconstruct because the regenerative capacity of bone is limited and prefabricated implants cannot readily match defect geometry. In this work, methylcellulose-gelatin-hydroxyapatite (MC\/GEL\/HA) inks were formulated with varying methylcellulose content and hydroxyapatite incorporation, crosslinked with EDC\/NHS, and 3D-printed into porous scaffolds with defined square-pore architectures. Inks were evaluated by oscillatory and steady-shear rheology, and printed scaffolds were characterized for morphology, chemical composition, mechanical performance, physicochemical stability, wettability, apatite-forming bioactivity, and osteogenic responses of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Methylcellulose content primarily governed ink rheology and printability, and increased compressive strength (up to ~0.38 MPa for 15MC\/10GEL\/30HA), whereas hydroxyapatite enhanced surface hydrophilicity, promoted apatite nucleation within 7 days in simulated body fluid, and markedly increased alkaline phosphatase activity (&gt;10-fold over HA-free scaffolds), mineralization (~2-fold by Alizarin Red), and the highest osteocalcin expression among the HA-containing formulations (~2.45-fold at day 14). The 15MC\/10GEL\/30HA formulation showed the most favorable balance of printability, mechanical performance, and osteogenic performance. These complementary functions reconciled structural stability with osteogenic performance, supporting the MC\/GEL\/HA system as a tunable bioink platform for non-weight-bearing bone regeneration, while warranting further in vivo validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:02:52Z","timestamp":1788343372000},"page":"443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced Osteoinduction, Rheological and Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed Methylcellulose-Gelatin-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ceren","family":"Yuksel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul 34684, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, 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