{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:19:50Z","timestamp":1788455990506,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensionally (3D)-printed denture teeth are increasingly used in clinical practice; however, their wear resistance and surface hardness may be insufficient for long-term clinical application. Moreover, the effect of post-treatment under elevated temperature and pressure on these properties remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of such post-treatment on the wear resistance and Vickers hardness of 3D-printed denture teeth resin. One hundred disk-shaped specimens (10 \u00d7 2 mm) were 3D-printed using Dima denture teeth resin and randomly assigned to four post-treatment groups (121 \u00b0C at 2 bar for 4, 30, 60, and 90 min) and one untreated control group. Within each group, specimens were allocated for wear resistance (n = 10) and Vickers hardness (n = 10) testing. Wear resistance was measured using an impact-sliding wear testing machine in a polymethyl methacrylate slurry, while Vickers hardness was measured using a hardness tester under a 50 g load with a 15 s dwell time. Statistical analyses included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal\u2013Wallis, and Welch\u2019s ANOVA (\u03b1 = 0.05). All post-treatment groups exhibited significantly lower depth loss and higher hardness than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Specimens post-treated for \u226530 min exhibited significantly lower volume loss than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The 121 \u00b0C\/90 min group demonstrated the highest wear resistance and Vickers hardness. Within the limitations of this study, post-treatment under elevated temperature and pressure significantly improved the wear resistance and Vickers hardness of the tested 3D-printed denture teeth resin, with the 90 min protocol yielding the greatest enhancement. Thus, thermal-pressure post-treatment may be a promising approach for enhancing the mechanical performance of additively manufactured denture teeth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:21:21Z","timestamp":1788452481000},"page":"446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Wear Resistance and Surface Hardness of Three-Dimensionally Printed Denture Teeth Through Post-Treatment Under Elevated Temperature and Pressure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shanglin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuriko","family":"Komagamine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bohan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4271-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamaki","family":"Hada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Devices and Materials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Aung","family":"Soe Myint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5376-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pong","family":"Pongprueksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2587-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2013.10.014","article-title":"Fabricating complete dentures with CAD\/CAM technology","volume":"111","author":"Infante","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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