{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:13:19Z","timestamp":1788779599687,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to investigate flow, contact angles and capillary penetration of commercially available endodontic sealers by substrate (human root dentin discs [HRD] and gutta-percha [GP]) and by temperature [room (20 \u00b0C), or body (37 \u00b0C)]. Methodology: Nine commercially available endodontic sealers were tested using the two-plate method, contact angle calculation (measured on HRD and GP surface\u2014for both temperatures), free-flow, and penetration co-efficiency using a capillary permeability test (in 37 \u00b0C). Discs, set-ups and sealers were prepared according to the protocol; specimens were photographed; results were collected; and all recordings were statistically analyzed. Results: The chemical composition of each sealer significantly affected rheological properties even in the same chemical group (p &lt; 0.001). Also, recordings from every test made were also significantly influenced by temperature (p &lt; 0.001). More specifically, the behaviour of sealers under higher temperature proved to be sealer-specific. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, it was verified that Endodontic sealers\u2019 rheological properties were affected by the substrate\u2019s composition and temperature. Additionally, body temperature significantly influenced thier performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:30:46Z","timestamp":1788777046000},"page":"448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rheological Properties of Nine Commercially Available Endodontic Sealers by Substrate and Temperature: A Comparative In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"George G.","family":"Sotiropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice Limited in Endodontics, 12351 Agia Varvara, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2038-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Solomonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5552507, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Koutoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice Limited in Endodontics, 20100 Corinth, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Pantazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6521-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios Terry","family":"Farmakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90404-8","article-title":"Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment","volume":"85","author":"Sundqvist","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Surg. 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