{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:12:03Z","timestamp":1788869523892,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Magnesium-based biomaterials are increasingly investigated due to their biodegradability, bone-like elastic modulus, and potential osteogenic properties. However, alloy composition may influence degradation behavior and local tissue response. This study aimed to assess and compare the local biocompatibility, degradation characteristics, and bone regenerative response induced by Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca and Mg-Nd-Y-Zr-Zn magnesium alloy powders. Materials and Methods: Two magnesium alloys were evaluated through physicochemical characterization, in vitro osteoblast cytocompatibility and antimicrobial assays, and in vivo testing in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. Standardized cylindrical defects were created in the medial femoral condyle and filled with either Mg-Nd-Y-Zr-Zn or Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloy powders, while untreated defects served as controls. Bone remodeling and defect healing were assessed by micro-computed tomography, allowing three-dimensional qualitative and quantitative evaluation of newly formed bone. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze surface morphology and degradation features, while histopathological examination assessed inflammation, osteogenesis, and tissue integration at the implant site. Results: Both magnesium alloy powders showed antimicrobial potency and elicited no cytotoxic effects in vitro, while animal studies revealed progressive biodegradation over time, associated with new bone formation within and around the defect area. Micro-CT analysis demonstrated active bone remodeling in experimental groups, with differences in bone distribution and defect-filling patterns between Mg-Nd-Y-Zr-Zn and Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca implants. SEM revealed alloy-specific degradation morphologies. Histological evaluation showed a moderate early inflammatory response that decreased at later time points, together with ongoing osteogenesis and favorable tissue integration. No severe local adverse reactions or persistent inflammation were observed. Conclusions: Both Mg-Nd-Y-Zr-Zn and Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloy powders were locally biocompatible and supported bone regeneration in a rat femoral condyle defect model. Differences in degradation behavior and tissue response emphasize the relevance of alloy composition in developing magnesium-based biomaterials for bone defect treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:23:51Z","timestamp":1788866631000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biological Evaluation of Two Magnesium Alloys from Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca and Mg-Nd-Y-Zr-Zn Systems for Bone Repair and Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3324-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Moraru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Iulia","family":"Dreanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0254-1823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romelia","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0112-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulian","family":"Antoniac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Antoniac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2535-5698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Manescu (Paltanea)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National 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3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George Mihail","family":"Vlasceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061, Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Cenariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personalized Medicine and Rare Diseases Department, MEDFUTURE-Institute for Biomedical Research, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Manole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetics and Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5744-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaviu Alexandru","family":"Tabaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9563-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Ionita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061, Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 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