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Funct. Biomater.","JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study seeks to develop a multifunctional germanium-enriched nanocomposite coating on titanium and to evaluate its ability to modulate early inflammatory responses while promoting osteogenic differentiation in a dental pulp stem cell (DPSC)-based regenerative model. A multifunctional Ti\/Coating composed of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) particles, chitosan-oligolactate (ChOL), and germanium (Ge) was developed using a combined anodizing\/anaphoretic electrodeposition approach. The Ti\/Coating system exhibited good biocompatibility, as confirmed by microscopy, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, with cell viability consistently exceeding 90% and moderate LDH release across all time points. Annexin V\/PI assay demonstrated a predominance of viable cells (&gt;94%), while intracellular ROS analysis indicated moderate oxidative activity. Gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, COX-2, and MAPK), suggesting attenuation of inflammatory signalling. Flow cytometry further demonstrated reduced CD120b (TNFR2) expression, while intracellular TNF-\u03b1 levels remained unchanged, indicating selective modulation at the receptor level. In addition, the Ti\/Coating promoted osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by enhanced mineralization, and upregulation of osteogenic genes (ALP, RUNX2, BMP2).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17090464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biocompatible Germanium-Enriched Nanocomposite Coatings on Titanium Designed Toward Preventing Early Inflammation and Promoting Osteogenic Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1330-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Lazarevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4720-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelina","family":"Herendija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Multidisciplinary PhD Studies, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Jak\u0161i\u0107 Kari\u0161ik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijana R.","family":"Pantovi\u0107 Pavlovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njego\u0161eva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3754-4143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslav M.","family":"Pavlovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njego\u0161eva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1520-1334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina R.","family":"Pantovi\u0107 Spaji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, University of Belgrade, Franchet d\u2019Esperey Street 86, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5749-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nenad L.","family":"Ignjatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, Kneza Mihaila 35\/IV, P.O. 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